GIFT  OF 
Daughter  of 
William  Stuart  Smith 


NG.  LIBRARY 


HYDRAULIC    AND    PLACER 
MINING. 


BY 


EUGENE    B.    WILSON 

H 


FIRST   EDITION. 
FIRST    THOUSAND. 


NEW   YORK: 

JOHN    WILEY    &   SONS. 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN    &    HALL,    LIMITED. 

1898. 


U/7 


Copyright,  1898, 

BY 
EUGENE  B.  WILSON. 


GIFT  OF 

Q§LVxy» 

- 

ENGINEERING  UBRARY 


ROBERT  DRUMMOND.   ELECTROTVPER    AND   PRINTER,    NEW  YORK. 


PREFACE. 


THE  present  activity  in  placer  mining  arises  from 
the  unprecedented  demand  for  gold. 

Simultaneously  with  this  demand,  new  sources  of 
supply  are  discovered,  and  obstacles  which  in  Cali- 
fornia, at  least,  temporarily  prevented  placer  mining 
have  been  satisfactorily  surmounted.  New  and  im- 
proved machinery  has  been  introduced,  which  admits 
a  wider  range  of  such  deposits  being  exploited. 

The  author  here  acknowledges  the  kindness  of  the 
Risdon  Iron  Company  and  the  Mining  and  Scientific 
Press,  of  California;  also  the  Scientific  American,  of 
New  York,  for  illustrations  which  appear  in  this 
book.  He  is  also  indebted  for  information  to  the 
manufacturers  whose  names  are  inserted. 

The  method  of  presenting  the  subject-matter,  he 
trusts,  will  be  of  substantial  benefit  to  those  interested 
in  placer  mining. 

E.  B.  WILSON. 

869482 


CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER   I. 
THE  USES  OF  WATER  IN  MINING , 


CHAPTER    II. 
GEOLOGY  OF  PLACER  DEPOSITS 1 1 

CHAPTER    III. 

GOLD  RECOVERY  BY  VARIOUS  METHODS  :  PANNING,  CRADLES, 
LONG  TOM,  BOOMING,  SLUICING,  RIFFLES 21 

CHAPTER   IV. 
FLUMES,  DITCHES,  DAMS,  PIPES 41 

CHAPTER  V. 

GIANTS,   VALVES,    GATES,   WEIRS,  MINER'S  INCH,  PRESSURE- 
BOX,  DAMS 64 

CHAPTER  VI. 
GRAVEL  ELEVATORS , ,....     81 

CHAPTER  VII. 

EXPLOITING 91 

v 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CHAPTER   VIII. 
DREDGING  RIVERS 105 

CHAPTER   IX. 
TRACTION  DREDGES 125 

APPENDIX. 

LOCATING  MINING  CLAIMS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 139 

LOCATING  MINING  CLAIMS  IN  CANADIAN  YUKON  DISTRICT 156 

HYDRAULICS 179 


HYDRAULIC  AND  *  PLACER '  MINING. 


CHAPTER    I. 
HYDRAULICKING. 

HYDRAULIC  MINING,  strictly  speaking,  refers  to 
breaking  down  material  from  its  natural  bed  by  water- 
power. 

Such  definition  at  this  date  would  necessitate  the 
framing  of  some  word  which  would  include  breaking 
down,  transporting,  washing,  elevating,  dumping,  and 
concentrating.  The  term  now  embraces  a  wide  field, 
from  washing  the  material  in  miners'  pans  to  expen- 
sive appliances  and  machinery. 

To  cover  the  subject  properly,  mining,  civil,  and 
hydraulic  engineering,  as  well  as  a  knowledge  of 
machinery,  is  required. 

The  most  difficult  problem,  however,  is  to  find  the 
gold  to  be  worked;  the  remainder  can  be  bought, 
although  it  covers,  at  times,  intricate  engineering 
problems. 

To  spend  a  million  or  so  dollars  upon  engineering 


2  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 

problems  for  water-supply,  to  work  gold,  which  is 
not,  has  beep, done  ;^  consequently,  the  most  difficult 
task  is  to  ftribt  the  gold  arid  ascertain  as  nearly  as 
possible  liow:  flArg1^ can*  a^ho^nt/ there  is  of  it,  and 
whether  its  working  will  warrant  the  outlay  demanded. 

The  value  of  the  property  having  been  determined, 
it  may  be  necessary,  to  work  it  successfully,  to  con- 
struct flumes,  pipe-lines,  and  ditches  from  one  to  one 
hundred  miles  in  length,  and  in  doing  so  it  may  be 
necessary  to  tunnel  mountains,  spari  chasms,  siphon 
across  valleys,  bracket  flumes  to  the  side  of  the  cliffs, 
build  reservoirs  and  dams,  and  finally,  settling  dams. 
In  other  instances,  steam-shovel  dredgers  will  be  all 
the  engineering  required. 

To  attempt  to  give  details  upon  all  the  matters 
which  may  become  involved  in  the  subject,  or  all  the 
scientific  principles  put  to  use,  is  impossible — no  one 
book  could  accomplish  the  matter,  consequently  the 
information  will  be  general,  but  of  such  a  character 
the  engineer  will  know  how  to  proceed,  the  investor 
what  must  be  done,  and  furthermore,  why  the  engineer 
is  compelled  to  take  certain  steps  requiring  the  outlay 
of  money. 

Hydraulic  mining  brings  uppermost  to  the  mind 
*'  gold  placer  mining,"  since  the  latter  was  the  chief 
incentive  which  produced  the  many  ingenious  con- 
trivances now  known  for  "  hydraulicking." 


HYDRAULICKING.  3 

Second  thought  widens  the  field,  and,  with  gold 
uppermost  in  the  mind,  suggests  "river  dredging," 
and  the  contrivances  for  that  purpose. 

Hydraulic  mining,  in  a  more  lowly  sense,  is  a  matter 
of  some  moment.  To  stop  here  and  not  suppose 
that  hydraulic  mining  is  useful  for  iron  and  salt  min- 
ing, and  also  that  the  use  of  water  is  an  adjunct  at 
times  to  quarry-work  and  coal-mining,  is  to  believe 
that  gold  has  a  monopoly  of  the  subject. 

The  use  of  water  for  mining  dates  back  to  King 
Solomon's  time.  Agricola  informs  us  that  fire  was 
used  to  heat  the  rocks,  and  then  cold  water  thrown 
on  them  to  spall  them  off.  In  quarrying  where  seams 
exist  in  bedded  rock,  and  where  explosives  would  be 
apt  to  shatter  the  rock  being  quarried,  water  is  em- 
ployed with  wood. 

The  method  here  followed  is  to  drill  a  series  of 
holes  back  from  but  parallel  to  the  face,  on  the  line 
of  cleavage.  Into  these  holes  wooden  wedges  are 
driven.  These  wedges,  on  being  wet,  expand  and 
split  the  rock  as  desired.  The  method  of  spudding 
generally  in  vogue  does  not  always  answer  as  well  as 
the  wedges  mentioned. 

The  danger  which  arises  from  the  use  of  gunpowder 
in  gaseous  coal-mines  has  produced  two  classes  of 
expansive  cartridges  which  depend  upon  water  for 
their  utility.  The  coal  is  undercut  in  the  usual 


4  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

manner,  and  holes  drilled  in  the  section  to  be  broken 
down. 

1st.  Into  these  drill-holes  cartridges  of  compressed 
quicklime  are  inserted,  after  which  they  are  moistened, 
then  tamped.  The  water  used  to  moisten  the  lime 
causes  it  to  slack,  expand,  and  generate  steam ;  this 
combination  breaks  down  the  coal.  The  economical 
value  of  this  novelty  has  not  been  fully  established  in 
this  country.  The  number  of  drill-holes  and  lime- 
cartridges  would  possibly  bring  the  cost  of  the  process 
up  to  that  of  powder;  however,  the  smaller  undercut, 
and  the  reduction  in  the  amount  of  slack  coal  pro- 
duced, compared  with  powder,  may  counterbalance 
previous  objections.  The  distinctive  advantage  which 
this  process  possesses  is  the  avoidance  of  explosion 
from  gases  in  mines  which  are  subject  to  outbursts 
of  gas. 

2d.  The  water-cartridge  of  the  second  type  is  metal 
and  to  be  used  as  the  former  in  fiery  coal  mines. 

It  is  a  metal  wedge,  so  contrived  that  upon  the  ap- 
plication of  hydraulic  pressure  it  will  expand. 

To  break  down  the  coal  a  series  of  wedges  are 
connected,  so  that  when  the  pressure  is  applied  it  is 
uniform  on  all.  The  cartridges  being  indestructible, 
may  be  used  over  again.  They  have  not  come  into 
general  use  in  this  country.  Cartridges  of  this  de- 
scription, which  could  be  used  from  water-pressure  at 


HYDRAULICKING.  5 

the  mouth  of  some  metal  mines  in  the  West,  would  be 
a  great  blessing,  in  preventing  the  fouling  of  air  and 
loss  of  life,  not  to  mention  economy  in  the  matter  of 
powder,  time,  and  fuse.  Their  use  would  be  limited 
to  overstepping. 

Salt-mining  uses  water  in  practical  ways  as  follows: 

1st.  As  a  solvent.  For  this  purpose  a  series  of 
bore-holes  are  drilled  from  the  surface  down  into  the 
deposit  by  percussion  or  diamond  drills. 

Water  is  then  run  into  the  holes  and  allowed  to 
become  saturated  with  salt,  after  which  the  brine  is 
pumped  out  and  more  fresh  water  run  into  the  hole. 

By  a  series  of  these  bore-holes  near  together  an 
underground  cavity  or  water-course  is  soon  formed  in 
the  salt-bed  which  connects  the  holes.  Dynamite  is 
useful  in  assisting  the  connection.  The  water,  after 
the  connection  is  made,  flows  in  continuously  and  is 
pumped  out  at  the  same  rate  it  enters.  The  working 
is  now  permanent,  one  bore-hole  supplying  the  water, 
and  another  fitted  with  a  deep  well-pump  removing 
the  brine. 

This  method  has  advantages,  in  some  instances,  over 
any  other  method  of  mining  salt  where  the  material  is 
to  be  broken  down,  hoisted,  dissolved,  and  then  con- 
centrated. It  also  offers  the  further  advantage  of  leav- 
ing the  impurities  in  the  mine,  and  brings  the  article 
sought  in  the  proper  concentrated  form  for  refining. 


6 


HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 


2.  Probably  hydraulic  mining  originated  in  the  salt- 
mines of  Europe  (to  which  the  term  "  spatterwork  " 
was  given),  as  there  it  has  received  considerable  atten- 
tion. The  water  used  for  mining  is  given  a  gravity- 
pressure  and  ejected  from  a  nozzle  having  a  number 
of  small  orifices.  The  water  from  this  nozzle  strikes 
up  against  the  salt  deposit  and  wears  it  away ;  at  the 
same  time,  in  flowing  away  it  dissolves  the  salt,  leav- 
ing the  worthless  debris  to  be  broken  down  or  re- 
moved. The  brine  is  then  collected  by  gravity  in 
sumps  or  subterraneous  reservoirs,  from  which  it  is 
pumped  to  the  surface  and  evaporated. 

Spatterwork  can  be  employed  for  sinking  shafts 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level,  or  making  "  rises  " 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  level.  Gangways  or  rooms 


FIG.  i. 

may  be  driven  in  such  deposits  by  this  method,  as 
crudely  shown  in  Fig.  I.  For  side-cutting,  the  main 
supply-pipe  for  water  has  coupled  to  it,  by  a  hose, 
a  stand-pipe,  S.  P.  This  pipe  is  wedged  between  the 


HYDRAUL1CKING.  7 

roof  and  floor,  in  an  upright  position,  with  the  orifices 
directed  toward  the  face  of  the  ground  to  be  at- 
tacked. The  water  wears  away  the  deposit  both  by 
dissolving  and  mechanical  power,  and  it  recedes  from 
the  stand-pipe  and  the  orifices  of  the  water-jets  until 
the  projective  force  is  expended.  The  water  is  now 
turned  off  and  the  column-pipe  placed  in  another 
position,  where  the  water  by  its  projective  force, 
together  with  its  solving  action,  can  perform  more 
effective  work. 

The  same  illustration  shows  the  method  of  under- 
cutting the  deposit  of  saliferous  clay.  The  spatter- 
pipe  is  placed  upon  the  floor  so  that  it  may  be  moved 
forward  to  deepen  the  excavation,  or  laterally  to 
widen  it.  The  undercut  having  been  made,  the  salif- 
erous clay  is  easily  wedged  down,  where  it  may  be 
acted  upon  by  a  stream  of  water  to  dissolve  the  salt 
content  and  leave  the  barren  dirt.  The  use  of  water 
is  limited  to  the  amount  required  for  the  pumps  and 
for  saturation  of  the  brine.  It  may,  in  some  instances, 
be  used  on  one  level  and  carried  to  the  next  lower, 
and  so  on,  thus  attaining  the  requisite  saturation  be- 
fore reaching  the  pumps  and  sumps. 

Wherever  the  latter  conditions  prevail,  shafts  or 
risers  may  be  made  as  roughly  sketched  in  Figs.  2 
and  3. 

To  drive  the  shaft,  it  is  necessary  to  sink  a  bore- 


8 


HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 


hole  from  the  shaft  above  to  allow  the  escape  of  the 
water  discharged  from  the  nozzle,  n.  The  water  from 
the  supply-pipe  on  the  upper  level  acts  by  gravity, 
and  propels  the  water  from  the  jet-holes  in  the  nozzle 
against  the  sides  of  the  shaft.  It  is  evident  in  this 
instance  that  the  action  of  the  water  increases  its  pro- 


FIG.  2.  FIG.  3. 

jective  force  with  depth  until  it  reaches  its  maximum 
when  the  lower  level  is  reached.  Fig.  3  shows  the 
drifting  of  a  *'  rise,"  and  has  the  reverse  in  water-pro- 
jective  force  as  it  nears  the  upper  level.  To  facilitate 
this  latter  method,  water  is  brought  under  pressure 
greater  than  the  height  to  be  driven. 

Mr.  Oswald  J.  Heinrich  stated  that  with  21 -foot 
head  of  water,  and  side-cutting  from  a  spatter-pipe 
having  brass  orifices  1-2  mm.  diameter  and  12  in 
number,  the  advance  was  O.6  sq.  ft.  per  minute,  with 
i  cu.  ft.  of  water  per  minute.  One  man  attends  to 


HYDRAULICKING.  9 

12  spatter-pipes  in  a  12-hour  shift.  This  rate  of 
excavation  is  in  round  numbers  5^4  cu-  ft-  Per  day, 
with  8640  cu.  ft.  of  water  and  one  man's  labor,  thus 
comparing  favorably  with  any  hydraulic  mining,  as  it 
is  0.52  c.  per  cu.  yd.  for  labor  and  not  as  high  in 
amount  for  water  as  gravel  mining  generally. 

Iron  ore  deposits  of  an  alluvial  character,  such  as 
are  the  "  brown  ore"  deposits  of  Virginia,  can  be 
worked  to  great  advantage  by  "  hydraulicking "  if 
situated  on  side-hills.  In  such  instances  the  ore  is 
disseminated  through  clay  with  barren  rocks  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  need  both  concentration  and  washing. 
It  may  be  necessary  to  wash  10  tons  of  such  material 
to  concentrate  one  ton  of  ore.  The  cost  of  excavat- 
ing and  handling  such  stuff  would  make  the  ore-bed 
commercially  unprofitable,  if  freight  must  be  added ; 
it  has,  however,  been  practically  demonstrated  to  be 
more  economical  to  burn  fuel  and  pump  water  uphill 
and  hydraulic  than  to  work  by  the  former  method. 
To  illustrate  this  more  fully:  to  pick,  shovel,  and 
transport  such  material  to  the  washer,  wash  it,  and 
load  on  cars  will  cost,  for  10  tons,  $2.00 — i.e.,  one  ton 
of  iron  ore. 

To  accomplish  the  same  work  with  water  having  a 
head  of  50  ft.  will  cost  75  cents  per  ton  of  iron  ore. 
The  "hydraulicking"  system  materially  lessens  the 
work  to  be  done  by  the  washer,  as  the  ore  becomes 


IO  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER   MINING. 

freed  in  a  measure  from  clay  as  it  travels  through  the 
sluices  to  the  washer. 

There  is  one  more  system  of  water  mining  made 
mention  of  by  Pliny  in  his  ''Natural  History."  It 
has  been  practised  somewhat  in  this  country,  and  is 
termed  "booming." 

The  process  of  "  booming  "  is  to  make  a  dam  and 
collect  water ;  whenever  the  dam  is  full  the  gates  are 
opened  quickly,  allowing  a  torrent  of  water  to  rush 
down  the  hill  and  upset  matters  generally.  The 
water,  having  done  its  work,  is  led  through  sluices 
which  are  nearly  on  a  level  at  the  foot  of  the  hill ;  in 
these  sluices  the  gold  washed  out  of  the  soil  is  col- 
lected. Water  is  employed  for  many  purposes  not 
directly  under  the  heading  of  this  book,  so  that  the 
term  hydraulic  engineering  embraces  a  much  wider 
field  than  it  did  twenty  years  ago,  and  is  continually 
expanding. 


CHAPTER  II. 
GEOLOGY  OF  PLACER   DEPOSITS. 

PLACER  deposits  are  alluvial  deposits,  located  by  the 
action  of  water  or  glaciers. 

These  alluvions  are  composed  of  clay  (formed  from 
the  disintegration  of  feldspar  and  silicious  matter  in 
rocks),  quartz  pebbles,  rocks  of  various  description 
and  sizes,  gold  in  a  small  proportion  to  the  whole 
mass,  and  whatever  else  may  have  been  deposited — 
trees,  sand,  or  fossils.  These  depositions  have  taken 
place  through  ages,  and  by  the  disintegration  of  gold- 
bearing  rock  time  has  at  last  allowed  the  gold  itself 
to  be  worn  away  by  the  natural  elements — wind,  heat, 
cold,  and  water;  but  here  and  there  are  indications  that 
glacial  action  alone  has  been  the  source  from  which 
placers  originated. 

What  appears  to  have  been  the  chief  element  in  the 
location  of  placers,  also  in  their  formation,  is  water; 
and  alluvions  in  deep  deposits  are  conceded  to  have 
been  formed  by  the  ancient  tertiary  rivers'  action  on 
the  gold-bearing  slates  (or,  as  they  are  termed,  "au- 
riferous shales")  and  rocks.  Later  rivers  have  cut 

IT 


12  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING, 

channels  through  the  ancient  river-beds  and  formed 
new  deposits  not  nearly  as  rich  and  more  spotted. 

California  gold  was  probably  first  crushed  and  milled 
from  quartz  veins  of  the  Sierras  by  glaciers,  then 
washed  by  the  ancient  rivers.  These  ancient  river- 
channels  were  cut  into  and  in  part  washed  away  by 
modern  rivers  and  creeks,  along  the  sides  of  which  are 
found  bars  and  benches  containing  the  gold.  "  From 
these  California  deposits  more  than  $500,000,000 
in  gold  were  taken  out  in  ten  years.  In  Siberia 
and  the  Klondike  nature  has  only  had  the  first  of  these 
agents  at  work,  viz.,  the  glaciers,  and  there  has  been 
no  concentrating  by  ancient  rivers.  The  natural  in- 
ference would  be  in  California  that  such  deposits,  orig- 
inating from  gold-bearing  "rocks,  if  traced  up  would 
lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  '  mother-lode.'  ' 

This  is  frequently  the  case,  but  nine  times  out  of 
ten  the  mother-lode  does  not  contain  free  gold  in 
anything  like  the  proportion  or  size  of  grains  that  the 
placers  indicate.  The  writer  has  found  the  original 
rocks  in  Virginia  and  elsewhere,  which  will  not  show 
gold  to  the  naked  eye,  and  at  times  not  with  the  mag- 
nifying glass;  yet  it  is  there,  and  in  quantities,  by  fire 
assay  analysis.  Professor  Phillips  gives  instances  where 
placer  deposits  came  from  rocks  through  which  gold 
was  disseminated  but  was  not  in  vein  form.  The 
Breckenridge  Colorado  placers  have  produced  consid- 


GEOLOGY   OF  PLACER   DEPOSITS.  13 

arable  wire  gold,  and  the  mother-lode  is  traced  with 
reasonable  certainty;  yet  the  vein  has  never  paid 
when  worked. 

The  placers  of  Louisa  County,  Virginia,  from  the 
vicinity  of  which  came  the  celebrated  Carrubus  nug- 
get, are  most  uncertain ;  yet  from  that  locality  came 
the  gold  ore  which  won  the  prize  at  the  Centennial. 
California  Gulch  yielded  considerable  placer  gold,  but 
the  mines  at  its  head,  near  Leadville,  produced  mostly 
silver,  and  nothing  to  compare  with  the  gold  up  to  the 
present  time.  Leadville  district  is  peculiar,  and  its 
mines  produce  almost  any  metal  demanded,  from  iron 
ore  to  gold ;  so  it  is  not  safe  to  speculate  that  it  will 
not  produce  as  much  gold  from  the  mines  as  from  the 
Gulch. 

The  richer  placers  of  California  did  not  lead  to  im- 
portant quartz  mine  discoveries,  for  it  appears  from 
recent  developments  that  they  never  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  quartz  mining;  consequently,  the  "  mother- 
lode  "  will  undoubtedly  produce  rich  mines. 

The  history  of  placer  mining  is  such  that  to  trace 
up  a  placer  and  find  a  rich  free  milling-ledge  is  not  the 
rule,  but  generally  a  surprise  to  the  fraternity.  The 
Klondike  may  prove  an  exception,  but  there  they 
could  not  work  a  ledge  if  found. 

Rich  veins  have  been  discovered  where  no  traces  of 
placer  gold  could  be  found.  Gold  has  been  found  in 


14  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

grass-roots  directly  over  a  vein ;  but  this  should  not 
be  termed  placer  gold  in  the  sense  in  which  this 
term  is  construed  at  present.  That  gold  should  be 
found  in  paying  quantities  and  in  sizes  from  pin-head 
up  in  placers,  while  not  found  in  the  mother-lode  in 
similar  quantities  and  sizes,  would  seem  mysterious, 
and,  if  some  placer  miners  are  to  be  believed,  "it 
grows." 

This  latter  statement  miners  will  illustrate  as  follows : 
In  1875  California  Gulch  was  washed  and  $20,000,000 
in  gold  was  recovered;  when  it  was  abandoned  one 
could  not  make  wages.  Of  course,  some  seeds  were 
left,  and  in  1885  it  was  washed  again  and  $5,000,000 
recovered,  the  inference  being  that  it  grew.  The  ex- 
planation that  possibly  millions  of  tons  of  gold-bearing 
material  were  concentrated  in  that  gulch  by  Nature, 
and  that  the  second  washing  was  only  the  leavings  of 
the  first,  will  not  satisfy  the  miner,  who  will  probably 
paraphrase  Job  and  reply,  "  There  are  veins  of  silver; 
but  the  place  for  gold  is  where  you  find  it." 

Water  having  been  the  chief  element  in  forming 
placer  deposits,  has  in  some  instances  carried  the  gold 
many  miles  down  a  sloping  hard  river-bed,  and  event- 
ually formed  "alluvions;"  in  other  instances  the 
distance  travelled  has  been  short. 

The  gold  may  have  moved  slowly  down  the  sides 
of  a  mountain  and  be  found  parallel  to  the  mountain 


GEOLOGY  OF  PLACER  DEPOSITS.         1$ 

range,  or  it  may  be  in  narrow  channels,  as  in  gulches. 
The  specific  gravity  of  gold  is  sufficient  to  sink  it 
in  a  comparatively  swift  stream  of  water  on  an 
incline.  If  the  bottom  of  the  stream  be  rocky  it  will 
fall  between  the  rocks  and  become  cemented  in  by  the 
material  which  follows;  thus  it  is  usual  to  find  the 
"  pay-dirt  "  near  bed-rock.  This,  however,  does  not 
signify  that  a  bunch  of  pay-dirt  will  not  be  found 
above  this  bed-rock — in  fact,  anywhere  through  a  deep 
moraine — since  the  action  of  the  water  continued  some 
time.  If  the  water  was  not  sufficiently  strong  in  its 
movement  its  next  deposit  would  be  gravel  and  sand. 
In  latter  years  (the  action  of  the  water  in  former  years 
having  filled  up  the  beds)  any  little  freshet  over  the 
former  deposits  would  cut  a  small  channel  into  which 
the  travelling  gold  would  sink.  This  system  of  con- 
centration formed,  not  wide  deposits,  but  narrow  ones, 
from  one  foot  up  to  several  hundred  in  width ;  but  in 
the  latter  instance  we  cannot  speculate  with  any  cer- 
tainty upon  the  gold  being  uniformly  distributed 
through  the  deposit,  while  we  are  fairly  safe  in  con- 
sidering that  the  reverse  is  the  case,  especially  if  in  a 
valley.  The  original  alluvions  may  have  been  washed 
out  and  spread  broadcast  by  some  torrent  followed  by 
an  upheaval  which  put  an  end  to  the  water  flowing  in 
that  direction,  leaving  only  such  formations  and  narrow 
deposits  as  are  in  places  found. 


l6  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

Placers  are  now  found,  for  this  particular  reason, 
where  no  water  of  any  amount  is  to  be  had,  and  in 
such  localities  as  to  be  termed  "dry  placers."  In 
washing  gold  gravel  it  is  not  infrequent  for  one  miner 
to  have  a  rich  strike  while  another  a  few  feet  away  is 
not  making  wages.  The  miner  is  therefore  very  cau- 
tious in  following  up  his  "pay-streak"  in  such  in- 
stances. Gulch  mining  is  particularly  uncertain  on  the 
latter  account,  very  frequently  the  richest  dirt  being 
along  the  sides,  and  not  in  the  centre  of  the  gulch. 

The  character  of  the  "  placer  dirt  "  varies  consider- 
ably in  localities,  but  if  it  be  of  any  material  thickness 
it  will  contain  hard-pan — that  is,  clay,  gravel,  and  large 
stones.  This  is  difficult  to  pick  and  shovel,  and  usu- 
ally mean  and  sticky  to  wash.  If  wet,  it  is  worse  yet 
to  handle,  as  in  some  instances  it  seems  to  melt  up, 
and  if  dry,  bake  up. 

No  one  can  with  absolute  satisfaction  explain  the 
various  distributions  of  gold  in  placer  deposits. 

At  times  the  gold  may  be  fairly  uniformly  deposited 
through  the  dirt,  again  in  layers.  It  may  be  found 
from  the  grass-roots  to  bed-rock,  but  in  the  majority 
of  cases  in  the  latter  situation.  Each  alluvial  deposit 
has  different  characteristics  for  each  locality,  and  as 
the  substances  of  which  they  are  composed  vary,  the 
location  of  the  gold  must  vary. 

The  thickness  of  "  placers  "  varies  from  a  fe.w  inches 


GEOLOGY   OF   PLACER   DEPOSITS.  I/ 

to  650  feet ;  one  deposit  may  have  one  pay  streak,  and 
another  several. 

Generally,  when  a  pay-streak  is  on  bed-rock  there 
may  be  depressions  in  the  rock  which  will  prove  very 
rich,  at  other  times  not.  Where  eddies  have  occurred 
in  the  alluvions  rich  ground  may  be  found,  and  at 
other  times  not.  Usually  the  fine  sand  is  not  as  rich 
as  the  coarser,  and  to  this  may  be  attributed  some 
failures  in  dredging  river-bars  or  float-sand,  where  if 
the  present  dredging  system  had  been  employed  the 
results  would  have  been  satisfactory. 

The  sampling  of  placer  gravel-beds  for  hydraulic 
mining  is  a  matter  requiring  considerable  research 
before  arriving  at  a  conclusion. 

Some  persons  may  be  satisfied  with  washings  from 
ten  or  a  dozen  small  holes,  and  from  these  calculate 
the  value  of  the  placer-ground  ;  one  Klondike  estimate 
was  based  on  a  1 6-foot  hole  and  a  6-foot  drift  for 
a  1000  x  5OO-foot  placer.  Such  estimates  may  suit  in 
Klondike,  but  not  in  this  country,  and  is  "  bluntly  " 
unreasonable.  Mining  engineers  will  not  attempt  it ; 
promoters  will  not  base  calculations  upon  such  explo- 
ration, consequently  the  schemer  with  a  more  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  the  dictionary  than  of  gravel 
deposits  is  the  only  one  who  can  calculate  in  this 
manner. 

To  determine  the  value  of  a  gravel  bed  it  is  neces- 


18  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

sary  to  examine  the  topography  of  the  country,  and 
calculate  from  exploration  its  length  ;  the  next  impor- 
tant matter  is  to  ascertain  the  depth  of  the  deposit  to 
bed-rock ;  finally,  the  position  of  the  channel  and  its 
course,  considering  that  gold  will  naturally  be  depos- 
ited along  the  channel,  and  will  in  the  lower  alluvions 
conform  to  bed-rock.  We  have  now,  as  a  basis  for 
calculating  the  amount  of  gravel,  the  necessary  data, 
but  lack  the  value  of  the  pay-streak. 

If  the  deposit  be  deep  and  bed-rock  cannot  be 
drifted  on,  shafts  should  be  sunk  and  the  pay-streak 
worked  across  the  entire  bed-rock,  and  for  a  consider- 
able distance  along  its  channel. 

The  washings  from  the  dirt  so  excavated  will  give 
the  value  of  the  pay-streak  per  cubic  yard  as  closely  as 
may  be  determined.  The  thickness  of  the  pay-dirt, 
its  length  and  breadth,  being  now  known  approxi- 
mately, its  value  may  be  calculated  by  the  known 
value  per  cubic  yard. 

This,  however,  does  not  give  the  value  of  the  whole 
mass  of  gravel  per  cubic  yard  which  is  to  be  worked. 
The  total  value  being  calculated  for  the  pay-streak, 
the  total  number  of  cubic  yards  of  the  deposit  is  di- 
vided into  it,  thus  giving  the  unit  value  per  cubic  yard 
of  gravel  to  be  worked. 

The  value  of  gravel  per  cubic  yard  of  placer  dirt 
should  not  be  calculated  in  any  other  way  or  ex- 


GEOLOGY    OF   PLACER   DEPOSITS.  19 

pressed  in  any  other  terms  than  in  the  unit  value 
relative  to  the  whole  mass. 

In  thin  deposits  tests  may  be  made  over  the  entire 
portion  in  sections,  by  a  series  of  shafts,  or  rather  holes, 
across  and  lengthwise  to  cover  the  entire  area  of  the 
deposit.  The  average  returns  from  such  tests  will  give 
an  approximate  value  of  the  placer ;  if  the  test  is  at 
fault,  it  is  generally  on  the  safe  side.  The  length  and 
depth  is  readily  ascertained,  and  the  width  as  well, 
thus  arriving  at  the  cubic  contents,  of  an  average  value 
as  determined  by  the  test-holes. 

In  case  of  more  than  one  bench  of  pay-dirt,  the  two 
methods  may  be  necessary  to  express  the  unit  value 
of  the  deposit. 

There  are  two  more  factors  which  must  be  ascer- 
tained before  we  can  value  the  deposit  as  an  hydraulic 
proposition  for  investment.  The  first  is  water  in 
ample  supply  to  break  down  and  sluice  the  deposit, 
and  the  estimated  cost  of  leading  the  water  to  the 
gravel  bed.  This  requires  the  engineering  skill  referred 
to  in  a  previous  chapter,  and  embraces  not  only  the 
survey  and  route  for  the  water-course,  but  reservoirs 
and  dams,  and  the  estimates  for  their  construction, 
which  of  course  cannot  exceed  the  value  of  the  placers 
to  be  worked. 

The  second  factor  is  that  sufficient  fall  to  the  dump 
may  b.e  had  immediately  below  the  workings,  to  carry 


2O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

away  the  barren  dirt  or  at  least  prevent  its  accumulat- 
ing in  the  way  so  as  to  be  troubJesome.  The  basis 
for  the  work  may  be  now  said  to  be  complete,  if  the 
different  factors  are  within  reasonable  limits  of  the  es- 
timated values;  but  care  should  always  be  used  in 
overestimating  work  in  a  rough  country,  and  in  gold- 
washing  underestimating  values  to  be  obtained,  since 
matters  in  the  first  instance  cannot  always  be  definitely 
calculated  beforehand,  while  it  is  not  generally  a  rule 
that  the  savings  are  as  close  in  sluicing  as  in  pan  or 
rocker  washing,  which  are  generally  used  to  estimate 
values. 


CHAPTER    III. 
GOLD    RECOVERIES   BY  VARIOUS   METHODS. 

THE  Romans  practised  sluicing,  and  according  to 
Pliny  the  shores  of  Spain  were  added  to  by  "  boom- 
ing;" from  this  we  may  suppose  that  hydraulic  min- 
ing began  with  creation. 

Present  hydraulic  mining  for  gold  originated  in 
California,  the  miner's  pan  giving  way  to  the 
"rocker,"  the  rocker  to  the  "long  torn,"  the  long 
torn  to  the  sluice-ditch,  the  sluice-ditch  to  the  sluice- 
box.  Corresponding  to  the  advantages  of  the  sluice- 
box  over  panning  may  be  mentioned  the  stream  of 
water  for  excavating  over  the  shovel. 

Panning. — The  ordinary  gold-pan  is  an  imperfect 
appliance  for  saving  fine  material,  but  an  excellent 
tool  for  free  gold,  since  the  angles  of  the  sides  collect 
it,  while  allowing  the  sand  and  lighter  particles  to 
float  off. 

The  placer  dirt  is  shovelled  into  the  pan  and  the 
whole  immersed  in  water.  The  gold  being  specifi- 
cally heavier  than  the  sand,  or  clay  will  sink  to  the  bot- 


21 


22  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

torn  of  the  pan.  There  may  be  gold  enclosed  in  clay 
or  cemented  in  sand  ;  or,  again,  dried  to  the  rocky  con- 
tents of  the  pan ;  therefore,  to  loosen  the  adhering 
gold,  the  material  is  soaked.  To  hasten  the  loosening 
of  the  gold,  the  contents  of  the  pan  are  stirred  slowly 
with  the  hand,  which  allows  the  slimes  loosened  to 
rise  above  the  pan  and  float  away.  As  the  water 
becomes  clearer  in  the  pan  the  largest  stones  are 
picked  out,  and  the  agitation  made  more  brisk  to 
float  out  the  sand ;  this  is  continued  until  but  little 
sand  remains.  An  apology  for  a  cut  of  a  gold-pan 
is  here  made  (Fig.  4),  but  it  is  for  the  sake  of  com- 
parison with  the  batea.  'Gold  enclosed  in  the  rocky 
matter  is  not  recovered  by  this  method ;  it  may  be 
pulverized  when  discovered  and  then  panned.  In 
this  latter  instance  the  recovery  becomes  scientific, 
and  is  virtually  pan-assaying.  The  pan  for  this  pur- 
pose should  be  black,  and  in  the  shape  known  as  the 
batea  or  vanner-placque. 

The  pan  is  held  firmly  by  one  hand,  some  water  is 
then  poured  on  the  pulverized  ore;  the  other  hand  is 
used  now  for  shaking  the  pan  in  a  gentle  but  rapid 
manner.  The  powdered  ore  being  gathered  to  one 
side,  the  heavy  grains  of  gold  descend  through  the 
sand  to  the  bottom  of  the  pan  and  settle.  After 
shaking  the  pan  a  few  minutes,  it  is  to  be  moved  so 
as  to  produce  a  gentle  current  in  casting  off  the  water. 


GOLD    RECOVERIES    BY  VARIOUS   METHODS.       23 

This  will  carry  off  some  of  the  sand  and  diminish  the 
quantity  in  the  pan.      Fresh  water  is  now  added,  and 


FIG.  4. 

another  portion  of  sand  washed  away,  this  operation 
being  repeated  until  nearly  all  the  sand  has  been 
washed  from  the  pan.  A  little  water  being  retained 
in  the  pan,  it  is  moved  around  by  inclining  the  pan; 
this  gentle  current  will  carry  the  sand  with  it  and 
leave  the  metal  in  view.  Assaying  by  the  pan  is  not 
accurate,  as  only  the  coarser  particles  are  retained,  the 
finer  going  off  with  the  sand.  At  times  it  is  custom- 
ary to  rock  the  pan  back  and  forth  with  the  last  water 
slightly  and  then  make  a  fan-shaped  appearance  with 


24 


HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 


the  material  remaining  by  inclining  the  pan  to  one 
side.  The  gold  being  the  heavier,  remains  in  the 
centre  of  the  pan  at  the  point  of  the  fan.  If  a  batea 
with  a  hole  in  the  centre  has  been  used  for  the  opera- 
tion, the  gold  may  be  separated  from  the  sand  by- 
pushing  it  through  the  hole. 

The  Mexican  batea  (Fig.  5)  is  considered  a  good 
tool  for  placer  miners,  but  it  does  not  possess  advan- 


FIG.  5. 

tages  over  the  iron  pan,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  matter 
of  collecting  sulphurets  in  sample  assaying.  The 
wooden  bowl  is  given  a  steady  circular  shake  without 
revolving,  alternated  with  a  reciprocating  motion, 
which  settles  the  heavier  mineral  in  the  centre  of  the 


GOLD   RECOVERIES   BY   VARIOUS   METHODS.        2$ 

bowl;  on  inclining  it  now  the  sand  flows  to  one  side. 
The  batea  is  used  by  the  Mexicans  for  placer  dirt 
only  when  they  cannot  get  the  iron  pans.  In  wash- 
ing placer  dirt  they  are  filled  as  above  with  the  dirt, 
immersed  in  water,  and  stirred  by  hand ;  a  circular 
motion  is  given  to  the  bowl,  which  is  also  slightly  in- 
clined, allowing  the  sand  to  wash  over  the  sides.  The 
gold  sinks  to  the  bottom  and  clings  to  the  sides  of 
the  batea,  which  requires,  generally,  more  care  in 
manipulation. 

The  American  miner  considers  the  batea  an  excel- 
lent hash  bowl,  while  the  mining  engineer  gathers 
them  for  "  curios."  To  work  either  the  pan  or  batea 
requires  care  and  experience ;  some  become  very 
expert  in  their  use. 

The  rocker  is  an  improvement  on  the  pan  wher- 
ever a  placer  has  been  considered  good  enough  after 
experimenting  with  the  pan  in  locating. 

A  cross-section  is  given  in  Fig.  6,  and  another  in 
Fig.  7.  These  rockers  require  considerably  more 
water,  and  vary  somewhat  to  suit  the  particular  ideas 
of  the  miner.  There  are  various  methods  of  hanging 
the  cradle,  so  that  a  side  motion  similar  to  that  of  a 
cradle  is  given ;  the  full  pendulum-like  swing  is  inter- 
cepted, so  that  the  rocker  receives  a  slight  jar  which 
assists  the  gold  in  settling  to  the  bottom  of  the  con- 
trivance. The  rocker  is  made  of  wood,  about  6  feet 


26 


HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 


long,  24  inches  high,  and  15   inches  wide  in  the  bot- 
tom, and   19  inches  wide  at  the  top  (Fig.   6).     The 


rocker  is  placed  on  a  slant,  with  the  feed-end  about 
six  inches  higher  than  the  discharge.  This  inclina- 
tion should  depend  upon  the  material  to  be  washed 
and  the  amount  of  water  available.  Fine  gold  should 
have  less  water  and  inclination  than  coarse.  Iron 


FIG.  7. 

bars,  £,  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  trough,  are  placed 
edgewise,  making  a  grating,  known  as  a  ''grizzly." 
These  bars  have  end  rests,  and  if  too  limber  or  given 
to  buckling  should  be  confined  by  centre  rests.  The 
spaces  left  between  them  are  from  f  to  %  inch.  Per- 
forated or  slotted  metal  plates  are  more  convenient 


GOLD   RECOVERIES   BY   VARIOUS   METHODS.       27 

and  will  answer  the  purpose  as  well,  besides  being 
more  economical  if  well  braced  across  the  rocker.  A 
current  of  water  is  let  in  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
rocker,  D,  on  the  ore ;  this  water  passes  underneath 
the  grating,  carrying  the  finer  material,  sand  and  gold, 
with  it  into  the  section,  C.  If  the  gold  is  fine,  quick- 
silver is  placed  in  the  trough,  C,  in  small  quantities  to 
form  amalgam  with  it.  The  light  sand  in  C  is  swept 
out  by  the  current  of  water  which  passes  through  the 
grating  at  O.  At  each  swing  the  coarser  dirt  which 
does  not  go  through  the  bars  moves  by  the  jar  down 
towards  the  discharge,  O.  This  jar  may  not  be  suffi- 
cient, however,  to  remove  it ;  whenever  this  happens 
the  miner  uses  his  shovel.  While  these  operations 
are  quite  effective  for  coarse  gold,  there  is  much  fine 
and  floating  gold  lost  even  when  quicksilver  is  em- 
ployed. This  is  especially  the  case  when  much  clay 
is  present,  which  encloses  both  coarse  gold  and  fine, 
for  the  specific  gravity  of  the  two  combined  is  less 
than  for  gold  alone,  and  the  density  of  muddy  water 
may  assist  in  buoying  the  fine  particles,  which  conse- 
quently in  the  agitated  current  float  away.  Mercury 
cannot  reach  fine  gold  incased  in  clay  if  it  comes  in 
contact  with  it ;  it  may  be  worth  while,  therefore,  to 
go  slower  and  use  more  water. 

Where  there   is  much  clay  a  good  plan  is  to  feed 
the   material  and  water  into  a  trough  and  allow  the 


28 


HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 


dirt  to  be  moved  by  the  water  along  the  trough  and 
discharged  into  the  rocker.  The  clay  will  be  washed 
more  thoroughly  from  the  gold,  and  a  better  oppor- 
tunity to  form  amalgam  given  it. 

There  is  another  form  of  rocker  shown  in  Fig.  8. 
This  is  a  box  with  sloping  sides,  about  36  to  42 
inches  long  and  16  inches  wide,  with  rockers  at  the 
middle  and  back  ends.  The  upper  end  has  a  hopper, 
H,  20  inches  square,  4  inches  deep,  iron  bottom 
perforated  with  ^-inch-diameter  holes.  This  hopper  is 


H 


o 
o  o 

o 
o  P  o 

o 
o  o 

o 
o  o 


FIG.  8. 

removable.  Under  this  hopper,  on  an  incline,  a  light 
frame,  C,  upon  which  a  canvas  apron,  A,  is  stretched, 
forms  a  riffle  over  which  the  gold  travels  or  is  caught. 
The  water  is  poured  on  the  dirt  which  is  shovelled  into 
the  hopper,  washing  the  gold  and  sand  down  through 
the  screen,  after  which  the  coarse  material  in  the  hopper 
is  thrown  aside  and  new  dirt  substituted.  The  rocker 
has  at  times  pieces  of  board  nailed  transversely  across 
the  bottom,  R,  to  catch  gold  as  the  current  bears  the 


GOLD   RECOVERIES    BY   VARIOUS    METHODS.         2Q 

sand  along  to  the  discharge  end.  These  strips  are 
termed  riffles. 

The  "  long  torn  "  is  virtually  a  sluice  with  a  per- 
forated plate  or  grizzly  of  sheet  iron.  It  is  made  with 
the  feed  end  smaller  than  the  discharge  end,  and  these 
also  vary  to  meet  the  views  of  the  operator.  They  are 
usually  fed  from  a  sluice-box,  5,  which  is  supplied 
with  an  abundance  of  water,  sufficient  fall  being  given 
to  move  the  material  (Fig.  8). 

As  the  material  enters  at  H  it  spreads  out  until  it 
meets  the  plate  P,  when  it  is  immediately  assorted,  the 
fine  dirt  falling  with  the  water  into  a  box,  B,  under- 
neath the  plate.  The  coarser  material  is  shovelled  off 
the  plate.  The  constant  movement  of  the  water  in 
the  box  under  the  plate  keeps  the  sand  suspended 
and  allows  the  gold  to  sink.  This  removal  of  the  sand 
may  be  assisted  by  sloping  the  box,  together  with  an 
occasional  stirring  up  of  the  contents  of  the  box  with 
a  stick  or  shovel. 

Sluicing. — The  term  "  sluice-box "  was  applied 
above  to  a  trough  which  sluiced — i.e.,  conducted  the 
water  to  the  "long  torn."  This  application  of  the 
word  sluice  will  no  longer  apply  in  hydraulic  mining, 
since  in  miners'  parlance  the  term  sluice  means  the 
troughs,  cuts,  or  boxes  through  which  the  mined 
material  is  carried  by  the  water,  and  in  which  it  is 
washed  and  the  gold  removed. 


3O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

The  sluices  are  now  used  where  large  alluvial  depos- 
its exist.  They  may  be  rock  channels,  or  ditches 
having  gravel-bed  channels,  or  they  may  be  wooden 
boxes.  Their  sectional  area  will  depend  upon  the 
amount  of  water  to  be  used,  together  with  the  dirt 
they  are  to  wash.  They  should  be  straight  as  possi- 
ble, but  where  curving  is  necessary  the  outer  edge  of 
the  curve  should  have  an  elevation,  to  assist  in  lessen- 
ing friction  when  the  direction  is  changed  and  prevent 
piling  up  of  the  material.  There  should  be  at  least 
one  inch  elevation  for  each  degree  of  curvature,  but 
even  this  will  not  in  all  instances  prevent  retardation 
after  the  curves  have  been  passed,  making  it  necessary 
to  give  a  slightly  greater  fall  below  the  curve  in  order 
to  obtain  uniform  flow  of  material  and  clear  the  curves. 

The  grade  necessary  to  give  a  sluice  will  depend 
upon  the  character  of  the  alluvions  ;  large,  heavy  stuff 
will  require  a  greater  incline  than  light  material.  The 
amount  of  water  at  command  will  influence,  in  a 
measure,  the  gradient,  and  the  sectional  area  of  the 
sluice  must  also  depend  upon  it.  The  heavy  material 
must  be  covered  by  water,  and  a  steep  enough  grade 
given  to  have  gravity  give  velocity  to  the  water  and 
exert  some  little  action  upon  the  material  itself  ; 
naturally,  then,  were  the  sluice  broad,  23,000  gallons 
of  water  per  minute  might  be  required,  where  with 
but  half  that  supply  of  water  the  sluice  must  be  nar- 


GOLD   RECOVERIES   BY   VARIOUS   METHODS.        3 1 

rowed  or  otherwise  a  very  steep  gradient  given  it. 
Narrowing  the  sluice  would  be  the  most  satisfactory 
arrangement. 

The  length  of  the  sluice  depends  upon  dumping- 
ground  and  its  distance  from  the  workings;  yet,  were 
the  dump  close  at  hand  the  sluice  must  have  sufficient 
length  to  thoroughly  wash  the  alluvions,  break  up  the 
cemented  gravel,  and  soften  the  clay. 

The  size  of  a  sluice  is  to  be  determined  by  the 
amount  of  gradient  at  command,  the  character  of  the 
material,  and  the  quantity  of  water  which  may  be  used. 

The  grade  of  a  sluice  will  depend  upon  the  fall  of 
the  ground  to  the  dump,  the  character  of  the  material 
transported,  and  the  amount  of  water  at  command. 
The  grade  will  vary  from  2  to  15  per  cent,*  and  must 
be  determined  previously  by  experiment  before  per- 
manently placing  the  sluice  in  position,  otherwise 
there  may  be  considerable  loss  of  both  gold  and  amal- 
gam, to  remedy  which  may  require  the  raising  of  the 
whole  sluice-line,  or,  if  the  fall  is  not  sufficient,  the 
lowering. 

As  low  as  if-per-cent  grade  has  been  used.  The 
sluice  has  advantages  over  any  other  system  both  for 
collecting  free  gold  and  the  removal  of  barren  dirt  in 
an  economical  manner,  consequently  the  attention 

*  Bowie,  Alex.  J.,  p.  219. 


32  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

given  to  its  construction  and  the  work  it  performs 
will  prove  remunerative. 

Where  the  gravel  is  carried  any  considerable  dis- 
tance it  is  usual  to  step  the  sluice — i.e.,  make  a  drop 
of  a  foot  or  so  perpendicular ;  this  has  the  effect  of  dis- 
turbing the  material,  which,  if  fine  sand,  is  apt  to 
move  along  the  sluice  in  too  compact  a  manner.  At 
intervals,  as  well,  riffles  are  placed  in  the  box. 
Where  the  sand  is  fine,  false  bottoms  of  i^-inch  plank 
with  interstices  of  J  inch  between  them  are  laid  cross- 
wise to  the  length.  Into  these  spaces  mercury  is 
poured.  Sand  is  moved  over  the  mercury  without 
being  disturbed,  while  fine  gold  is  attacked  and  coarser 
gold  sinks  through.  Scale  gold  will  escape  over 
several  riffles  or  mercury  traps  before  being  captured, 
and  amalgam  particles  will  float  away  unless  these 
traps  be  cleaned  frequently. 

Where  coarse  material  is  washed  block  riffles  are 
employed,  and  are  considered  by  A.  J.  Bowie  to  have 
advantages  over  any  other: 

1st.   Because  of  the  cross-riffle  they  make. 

2d.  Their  cheapness  is  an  item. 

3d.   They  are  convenient  to  clean  up. 

These  block-riffles  are  squared,  and  from  8  to  13 
inches  high.  These  squares  are  placed  in  rows  across 
the  bottom  of  the  sluice,  separated  by  a  space  of  I  to 
ij  inches,  according  to  the  strips  used  to  keep  them 


GOLD    RECOVERIES    BY   VARIOUS   METHODS.        33 

in  position.  The  riffle-strips  are  nailed  to  the  blocks 
across  the  sluice-box  to  keep  them  in  line;  the  blocks 
are  also  wedged  against  the  sides  of  the  box  as  an 
additional  precaution  against  their  moving.  They 
are  also  fitted  to  break  joints  and  not  extend  the  en- 
tire width  of  the  sluice,  to  meet  the  operator's  views. 
Stone  riffles  are  at  times  used.  These  stones  must 
be  quarried  to  a  proper  height  arid  size ;  although  at 
times  they  are  irregular,  it  is  not  advisable,  since  a 
uniform  riffle  has  proved  more  satisfactory. 

Riffles  are  made  generally  to  conform  to  the  ideas 
of  the  operator,  but  those  mentioned  will  probably 
prove  economical  and  give  general  satisfaction.  Lo- 
cality and  means  at  command  must  govern  the  char- 
acter of  riffle  employed,  but  the  object  is  to  allow  the 
gold  moving  along  the  sluice-bottom  an  opportunity 
to  settle  and  enable  the  operator  to  know  where  to 
find  it. 

If  sluices  are  long,  and  riffles  and  amalgam  traps 
used,  it  may  be  necessary  to  have  patrols  on  sections 
to  keep  a  watch  over  the  riffles  and  prevent  the  boxes 
becoming  choked  by  debris,  and  to  observe  that  no 
leak  occurs,  with  the  consequent  loss  and  trouble 
therefrom. 

As  dumps  are  usually  in  hollows,  they  become 
filled  up,  requiring  an  extension  of  the  sluice-box, 
from  time  to  time,  on  a  straight  line  or  a  curve. 


34 


HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER    WINING. 


The  subject  of  riffles  would  not  be  complete  with- 
out mention  of  the  Risdori  Iron  Company's  patent 
riffle,  a  section  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  9. 

The  object  of  such  riffles  is  to  create  dead-water 
under  them  and  save  such  fine  gold  as  mercury  will  not 
readily  hold  and  rusty  gold  mercury  will  not  attack. 
Incidentally,  in  accomplishing  this  purpose  they  do 
away  with  the  use  of  mercury,  and  hence  loss  of 
quicksilver  and  amalgam ;  further,  they  are  more 


}          ( 

\ 

t 

/ 

T 

V                    |                            ] 

\              \ 

I                                            ' 

}    1 

1       1   f 

\                      \\ 

FIG.  9. 

easily  handled  and  cleaned  up  than  the  ordinary 
riffle.  The  amalgam  retort  is  abolished,  and  the 
gold  itself  is  purer,  and  hence  commands  a  better 
price. 

The  riffles  are  made  of  angle-iron,  for  any  width  of 
sluice  desired,  but  two  feet  in  length  of  sluice,  so  that 
such  sections  can  be  readily  removed  for  cleaning  up. 
The  angle-irons  are  fastened  at  each  end  to  the  box, 
and  are  spaced  one  with  the  other,  so  that  any  gold 


GOLD   RECOVERIES    BY   VARIOUS   METHODS.        35 

passing  down  the  sluice  along  the  bottom  may  fall 
into  the  spaces  thus  created.  As  no  water  comes  in 
except  from  the  openings  or  spaces,  the  water  under 
the  riffles  is  dead,  allowing  fine  gold  to  settle  and  re- 
main in  the  trap  until  removed  at  "  clean  up." 

Undercurrents  are  produced  in  sluice-lines  to  re- 
lieve the  main  sluice  of  fine  material  and  catch  the 
gold.  For  this  purpose  a  "grizzly,"  or  set  of  bars,  is 
placed  across  the  sluice  through  which  the  finer  mate- 
rial and  gold  passes. 

Underneath  the  bars  is  a  shallow  box  made  of  wood, 
four  to  ten  times  the  width  of  the  sluice,  and  high 
enough  to  contain  the  material  washed  into  it.  It  is 
paved  with  material  which  will  stand  wear  and  answer 
as  riffles.  The  inclination  given  this  box  is  consider- 
ably more  than  that  given  the  sluice,  according  to  the 
smoothness  of  the  floor,  and  this  is  gradually  dimin- 
ished as  it  delivers  the  material  to  the  sluices  at  a 
lower  level  (Fig.  10). 

After  the  material  has  been  washed  through  the 
bars  it  is  distributed  over  the  entire  box  width  by 
the  riffles;  the  box  gradually  narrows  towards  the 
discharge  end,  to  conform  to  the  width  of  the  sluice 
into  which  it  discharges. 

The  "grizzly"  should  not  allow  the  entire  amount 
of  water  to  pass  through  it ;  enough  must  remain  in 
the  sluice  to  prevent  the  bars  clogging  and  to  carry 


36  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 

the  coarse  stuff  along  to  the  sluice  proper  again.  In 
California  the  length  of  a  sluice-box  is  12  feet,  and 
the  grade  is  the  fall  in  inches  for  this  length ;  as  this 
arrangement  is  a  local  affair,  the  grade  given  in  this 
book  is  the  number  of  feet  fall  in  one  hundred  feet — 


FIG.  10. 

thus  one  per  cent  means  a  fall  of  one  foot  perpendic- 
ular in  one  hundred  feet  horizontal  measurement. 

The  construction  of  a  sluice-box  depends  for  details 
upon  the  size  required ;  one  6X3  ^eet  would  require 
heavier  sills  and  flooring  than  one  3X1.5  feet. 


GOLD   RECOVERIES   BY    VARIOUS   METHODS.        37 

The  sills  should  be  three  feet  apart  and  be  twice  as 
long  as  the  width  of  the  sluice. 

The  posts  are  regulated  in  height  to  accommodate 
the  water  and  material ;  in  this  connection  it  may  be 
stated  that  wide  sluice-boxes  lessen  the  water-pressure 
on  the  material  transported,  and  are  therefore  more 
satisfactory.  However,  the  character  of  the  material 
must  determine,  in  a  measure,  this  point.  The  bottom 
planks  should  be  made  of  clear  lumber  and  grooved 
to  admit  of  a  dry  pine  or  other  tongue  being  inserted 
into  the  groove.  These  planks  are  placed  lengthwise 
of  the  sluice  and  securely  fastened  to  the  sills.  They 
should  be  of  a  width  in  all  to  conform  to  the  total 
width  of  the  sluice,  to  avoid  expense  in  transportation 
and  unnecessary  delay  in  placing  them.  If  a  tight 
floor  is  to  be  had,  half-seasoned  plank,  not  less,  under 
any  circumstances,  than  if  inches,  should  be  used. 
The  side  planks  should  be  worked  in  a  similar  manner 
to  the  bottom  planks,  and  should  extend  to  the  sills. 
The  side  linings  should  be  rather  thicker  than  the 
side  planks,  and  may  be  rough  plank.  Where  riffles 
are  inserted  they  do  not  reach  to  the  bottom  plank; 
in  all  other  instances  they  should,  to  avoid  wear  on 
the  side  planks.  The  posts  are  braced  every  alter- 
nate sill  by  means  of  if-inch  plank  strip,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  II. 

To  avoid  wear  upon  the  bottom  plank,  rough  plank 


38  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 

must  be  nailed  over  them.  This  should  be  hard 
wood,  if  possible ;  beech  or  maple  will  be  found  to 
wear  smooth  and  uniform,  where  oak  splinters. 

The  cost  of  the  sluice-box  will  depend  upon  the 
locality,  the  price  of  lumber,  nails,  and  labor  per 
diem  in  that  locality,  as  well  as  transportation. 

The  great  advantage  possessed  by  sluicing  in  saving 
gold  is  due-  to  the  thorough  washing  the  material  ob- 
tains, but  the  necessity  for  the  erection  of  retaining 


FIG.  n. 

dams  has  in  recent  years  greatly  retarded  the  system 
and  consequently  the  yearly  output. 

Wherever,  therefore,  dumping-ground  for  sluicing 
cannot  be  had,  power-washers,  steam-dredgers,  or 
hydraulic  elevators  are  resorted  to,  which  are  neces- 
sarily slower  and  more  expensive  in  one  sense.  A  log 
washer,  as  illustrated  in  Fig.  1 1 ,  will  perform  excellent 
work  and  wash  175  cubic  yards  of  material  in  a  day  of 
10  hours. 

Unless  a  small  sluice  leads  the  ore  to  the  washer,  a 


GOLD  RECOVERIES  BY  VARIOUS    METHODS.        39 

series  of  two  washers  will  be  required.  The  blades  of 
the  washer  agitate  the  material,  thus  disintegrating 
artificially  in  about  the  same  time  as  the  water-move- 
ment in  the  sluice  accomplishes  disintegration. 

These  washers  may  employ  the  same  water  over 
again,  in  case  the  placer  mines  are  worked  by  drifting 
and  water  is  scarce ;  or,  if  necessary,  it  may  be  caught 
in  sumps  and  pumped  to  a  reservoir  for  "  hydraulick- 
ing"  a  second  time.  In  such  instances  the  coarser 


FIG.  12. 

material  is  removed  to  the  dump  by  scraper-lines  or 
tram-cars,  as  it  is  practically  dry  material. 

With  such  washers  screens  are  indispensable. 

These  log  washers  are  made  as  long  as  30  feet,  gen- 
erally run  double,  and  are  placed  on  an  incline  of  I 
inch  in  I  foot.  The  material  is  worked  forward  by 
the  blades  as  the  washers  revolve,  thus  allowing  the 
ore  to  be  discharged  automatically.  These  log 
washers  are  very  successful  with  clay  ores  and  phos- 
phate rock. 


4O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

Formerly  such  washers  were  made  of  wood  with 
iron  blades ;  these  have  given  place  to  the  steel  washer 
in  the  cut.  The  washers  discharge  into  a  screen,  and 
thence  on  to  a  picking-belt,  but  such  arrangements 
are  not  required  for  hydraulic  mining. 


CHAPTER    IV. 
DITCHES   AND   PIPE-LINES. 

THE  use  of  water  for  "  hydraulicking  " — that  is, 
breaking  down,  washing,  and  transporting  material — 
dates  back  to  1852,  in  the  early  California  mining  days. 

In  that  year  Edward  E.  Mattison,  of  Connecticut, 
with  a  view  to  economizing  labor,  used  a  stream  of 
water,  conveyed  to  the  claim  in  a  rawhide  hose  to 
which  was  attached  a  wooden  nozzle,  from  which  the 
water  spurted  against  the  gravel-bank.  This  was  the 
first  step  in  hydraulic  mining,  and  was  so  appreciated 
that  canvas  hose  bound  with  wire  and  rope  soon  fol- 
lowed, and  the  nozzle  was  changed  from  wood  to  metal. 
Up  to  the  present  time  California  has  produced  the  bulk 
of  the  gold  in  this  country.  It  was  produced  from 
placer  mines,  and  after  the  first  rich  washings,  by  hy- 
draulic mining,  which  has  been  improved  in  methods 
and  details  yearly.  Hon.  A.  S.  Hewitt,  in  his 
"  Century  of  Mining,"  says  upon  the  subject:  "The 
position  of  the  auriferous  slates  and  quartz  veins,  on 
the  west  flank  of  the  Sierra,  with  the  precipitous 

41 


42  HYDRAULIC  AND    PLACER   MINING. 

mountains  behind  them  and  the  broad  plain  before, 
has  favored  exceptionally  the  formation  of  deep  aurif- 
erous gravels  in  California,  which  far  exceeds  any 
other  known  region.  And  the  same  topographical 
features  furnish  the  two  other  prime  requisites  of 
hydraulic  mining — namely,  an  abundant  supply  of 
water  and  a  sufficient  grade  of  descent  to  permit  the 
use  of  flumes  and  the  escape  of  tailings."  "These 
advantages  the  keen-witted  miners  were  quick  to  ap- 
preciate and  make  available,  and  I  think  we  may  set 
down  the  invention  of  hydraulic  mining  as  an  epoch 
in  the  progress  of  American  mining."  "  It  has  given 
us  an  entirely  new  and  original  branch  of  the  art,  in- 
volving many  ingenious  hydro-dynamic  and  hydro- 
static contrivances ;  and  it  has  certainly  made  possible 
the  exploitation  of  thousands  upon  thousands  of  acres 
of  auriferous  gravel  which  could  not  have  been  profit- 
ably handled  in  any  other  other  way."  "  The  moun- 
tain torrents  of  the  Sierras,  caught  on  their  way  to  the 
Pacific,  have  been  forced  to  pause  and  do  the  work  of 
man."  "  The  same  agencies  that  buried  the  gold 
among  the  clay  and  pebbles  of  the  river-beds  are  now 
made  to  strip  the  covering  from  it  and  lay  it  bare 
again."  "The  hydraulic  mines  produce  at  present 
[1876]  not  less  than  ten  to  twelve  million  dollars 
annually,  and  many  enterprises  which  have  been 
prosecuted  through  years  of  expensive  preparation 


DITCHES  AND  PIPE-LINES.  43 

are  now  just  beginning  to  touch  their  harvests  of 
profit." 

"I  may  mention  as  an  illustration  the  extensive 
operations  of  the  North  Bloomfield  and  its  two  allied 
companies  in  California,  which  have  expended  in 
work  $3,500,000,  and  will  have  six  deep  tunnels, 
aggregating  over  20,000  feet,  and  canals  supplying 
100,000,000  gallons  of  water  daily."* 

The  graphic  literary  style  of  Mr.  Hewitt  pictures 
concisely  the  immense  scope  hydraulic  mining  had 
embraced  in  1876.  While  its  application  has  spread 
far  and  wide  since  that  writing,  it  has  in  a  measure 
been  suspended  in  California  by  adverse  legislation ; 
lately,  however,  the  matter  has  been  adjusted,  in  a 
measure,  by  the  construction  of  "debris  dams," 
appropriations  having  been  made  both  by  Congress 
and  the  State  for  their  construction. 

The  value  of  the  gravel-bed  having  been  deter- 
mined, water  is  sought,  and  having  been  found  in 
sufficient  quantities,  the  cost  of  building  flumes  and 
constructing  reservoirs  and  ditches,  possibly  tunnels 
and  pipe-lines,  next  demand  attention. 

The  term  ditch  means  an  excavation  in  soil  or  rock 
for  the  purpose  of  conveying  water. 

Earthwork  is  of  course  preferable  to  building  flumes 

*  Transactions  A.  I.  M.  E.,  Vol.  V,  p.  176. 


44 


HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 


DITCHES   AND    PIPE-LINES.  45 

or  cutting  out  a  rock  channel,  and  should  be  em- 
ployed wherever  practicable. 

The  loose  character  of  the  soil  may  prevent  this, 
even  if  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  ditch  be  puddled, 
and  as  it  may  be  of  the  utmost  importance  to  save 
water,  enough  of  which  is  lost  from  evaporation,  such 
places  should  have  wooden  flumes  across  them.  The 
area  of  the  ditch  should  conform  to  the  amount  of 
water  to  be  carried,  and  have  a  large  deep  section 
and  slight  grade  rather  than  wide,  flat,  shallow  sec- 
tional area  and  a  steep  grade,  for  in  the  first  instance 
the  ditch  will  not  be  cut  so  badly  by  the  passage  of 
the  water  and  will  not  offer  the  same  surface  for 
evaporation  and  seepage.  It  is  better  to  carry  the 
ditch  around  the  head  of  a  cafton  than  to  either 
build  a  flume  on  trestles  or  siphon  it  through  pipes, 
even  if  the  first  cost  be  more.  The  ditch  should  also 
be  provided  with  waste-gates,  through  which  the 
water  may  be  discharged,  but  these  gates  should  be 
so  located  as  not  to  undermine  the  ditch  itself. 

The  proper  gradient  for  a  ditch  is  an  o.25-per-cent 
grade,  or  12.2  feet  to  the  mile;  this  will  insure  a  free 
movement  of  the  water  arid  not  cause  excessive  ero- 
sion of  the  banks.  If  the  gradient  must  be  above  this, 
the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  ditch  should  be  examined 
occasionally. 

The  head  of   the   ditch   should  not  be  above  the 


46  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

snow-line,  and  the  grade  so  made,  if  possible,  to  keep 
the  ditch  as  high  as  possible  above  the  point  where 
the  water  is  used.  Whenever  steep  drops  are  en- 
countered flumes  or  pipes  must  be  used. 

The  area  of  a  ditch  to  carry  30,000  gallons  of  water 
per  minute  on  o.25-per-cent  grade  is  7  X  5  X  3-5  feet: 
7  feet  across  the  top;  5  feet  across  the  bottom,  and 
3.5  feet  deep.  The  cost  per  mile  of  such  ditch  will 
vary  with  the  nature  of  the  ground  and  cost  of  labor. 

While  it  is  better,  wherever  possible,  to  avoid 
flumes,  there  are  times  when  they  are  not  to  be 
avoided.  Where  rock  is  to  be  excavated,  or  where 
porous  ground  is  met  with,  or  where  chasms  are  to  be 
crossed,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the  box  flume. 

In  building  a  flume,  nothing  smaller  than  i^-inch 
plank,  tongue  and  grooved,  should  be  used,  and  these 
joints  should  be  white-leaded  and  well  driven  home. 
The  sides  should  be  made  of  the  same  material,  dry 
pine  or  spruce — the  latter  better — and  thoroughly  fas- 
tened to  the  posts.  The  sills  should  not  be  over  four 
feet  apart,  and  should  project  18  inches  beyond  the 
outside  of  the  box  to  take  braces,  and  in  cases  of 
tunnels  or  trestles  they  should  project  far  enough  to 
receive  a  1 2-inch  plank  for  a  walk,  in  order  that  the 
flume  may  be  examined ;  in  other  situations  the 
plank  placed  along  the  cap-piece  will  be  sufficient. 
In  laying  the  lining,  care  should  be  taken  to  break 


48  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER    MINING. 

joints,  and  the  lining  should  be  first-class  lumber,  free 
from  knots. 

The  grade  given  the  flume  will  have  some  bearing 
on  its  size — the  steeper  the  grade  the  more  water  the 
flume  will  pass  for  a  given  area;  this  will  allow  con- 
siderable decrease  in  area  over  the  area  of  the  ditch, 
and  consequent  economy,  wherever  the  whole  grade 
from  the  source  to  the  outlet  may  permit  of  an  in- 
crease. The  flume-grade  may  be  increased  from 
ditch-grade  of  0.29  per  cent  to  0.50  or  0.75  per 
cent. 

It  is  not  always  customary  to  employ  side-braces 
for  the  flume;  they  should,  however,  be  used  in  cer- 
tain situations.  Wherever  the  flume  crosses  a  ravine 
on  trestles,  braces  will  make  the  whole  structure  more 
rigid  against  wind,  even  when  the  trestles  are  anchored 
by  wire  ropes;  again,  on  the  side  of  a  hill  or  cliff,  where 
the  flume  runs  full  at  one  time  and  half  full  at  an- 
other, braces  will  tend  in  a  measure  to  prevent  warp- 
ing, especially  wherever  the  sun's  rays  strike  the 
flume. 

In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  allow  a  little  water 
to  run  over  the  bottom  of  a  flume  at  all  times,  to  keep 
the  joints  tight,  as  the  change  from  dry  to  wet  condi- 
tion invariably  causes  leakage. 

The  size  of  a  flume  will  decide  the  timber  to  be 
used  in  its  construction — that  is,  a  flume  2  X  ij  feet 


DITCHES   AND   PIPE-LINES.  49 

will  not  require  as  heavy  lumber  as  one  3X3  feet  in 
sectional  area,  except  for  lining. 

The  sills,  posts,  and  cap-pieces  of  a  flume  should 
not  be  over  four  feet  from  centre  to  centre,  and  if 
three  feet  between  centres  it  will  be  more  rigid. 

In  building  flumes  it  is  not  altogether  what  they 
bear  in  weight,  for  there  are  other  elements,  such  as 
leakage  and  warping,  which  must  be  guarded  against, 
and  with  sills  far  apart  the  latter  material  elements  in 
the  problem  have  greater  play.  In  the  construction 
of  a  flume  3X3  feet  the  following  timber  would  be 
required  for  100  feet,  the  sills,  caps,  and  posts  being 
placed  three  feet  between  centres: 

34  sills,  3  X  4  X  6'  n"  =    235  ft.  2  in. 

68  posts,  3  X  4  X  3'  2"  =    215  "   4  " 

34  caps,  3  X  4  X  4'  3"  =     H4  "   6  " 

68  braces,  3X2X3'  =     102  "   o  " 

54  lining  plank,  12  X  ii  X  15'  =  1215  "   o  ll 
9     "          "        12  X  ii  X   10'  =     135  "   o  " 


Per  hundred  feet,  2047  ft.  o  in. 

Per  mile,  52.8  times,         108,082 

Note. — The  above  bill  does  not  include  walk  or 
battens;  add  11,780  feet  for  I  X  3"  battens  and 
19,720  feet  for  i£  X  12"  walking-plank  per  mile. 

The   lumber  per   mile   of  flume   does  not   include 


5O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER    MINING. 

stringers  or  blocks  which  must  be  placed  lengthwise 
of  the  flume  on  trestles;  in  this  connection  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  foundation  for  a  flume 
must  be  solid  and  level,  especially  under  each  sill. 
The  usual  size  for  stringers  for  3X3  ft.  flume  is 
4X6  inches,  but  this  size  must  be  governed  by  the 
distance  between  bents  in  the  trestle,  since  the 
stringers  as  well  tie  the  trestle  bents.  With  bents 
12  feet  between  centres  the  stringers  should  be  4  X  12 
inches  for  this  area  of  flume. 

The  sills  should  be  notched  for  the  posts ;  the  caps 
should  be  mortised  for  tenent  at  the  top  of  the  posts 
and  secured  by  J-inch  wooden  pins. 

Where  curves  are  necessary  in  the  flume  the  outer 
side  of  the  flume  must  be  raised,  to  correspond  to  the 
degree  of  curvature ;  ^  inch  rise  from  the  lower  side  for 
every  degree  of  curvature  will  be  sufficient.  This  rise 
should  commence  on  the  straight,  before  it  meets  the 
curve,  as  this  will  tend  to  equalize  the  flow.  The  rise 
should  be  gradual  and  reach  its  height  at  the  centre 
of  the  curve,  and  as  gradually  descend  from  this  point 
until  the  flume  becomes  straight,  the  object  being  to 
change  the  motion  with  the  least  friction  possible 
and  avoid  the  water  pouring  over  the  flume  at  the 
centre  of  curve.  Wherever  curves  are  met  the  sills 
and  posts  are  set  closer,  and  greater  care  is  to  be  ob- 
served in  placing  the  lining. 


DITCHES   AND    PIPE-LINES. 


52  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

At  times  it  becomes  necessary  to  run  along  the  side 
of  a  cliff;  this  is  accomplished  by  drilling  holes  in  the 
cliff  and  putting  in  iron  brackets,  upon  which  the  string- 
ers for  the  flume  rest.  The  brackets  curve  upward  par- 
allel to  the  posts  and  are  fastened  by  anchors  to  the  cliff 
above  the  flume.  In  San  Juan  County,  Colorado, 
flumes  are  carried  some  distance  in  this  manner  beside 
a  cliff.  Flumes  should  have  battens  over  the  floor- 
seams  3  X  I -inch  pine,  to  prevent  wearing  at  that  place, 
and  should  be  provided  with  gates  at  intervals,  to  allow 
water  to  be  drawn  off ;  further,  where  snow  or  dirt  is 
likely  to  slide  into  them  from  the  mountain-side,  they 
should  be  provided  with  sheds. 

Tunnels  are  necessities  at  times.  One  5x6  with 
hand-drills  in  rock  will  cost  $15  per  foot  in  length; 
this  may  be  used  to  conduct  water  or  carry  a  flume, 
depending  upon  the  nature  of  the  tunnel-floor.  Tun- 
nels are  not  generally  built  if  they  can  be  avoided  ;  but 
frequently,  to  keep  the  proper  grade  or  shorten  the 
distance,  or  for  other  reasons,  they  are  compulsory. 

Pipe. — The  canvas  hose  already  spoken  of  for  con- 
veying water  to  the  placer  was  improved  upon  by  R.  R. 
Craig,  who  used  at  American  Hill,  Nevada  County, 
California,  about  100  feet  of  stovepipe.  A  firm  in 
San  Francisco,  according  to  A.  J.  Bowie,  commenced 
the  manufacture  of  wrought-iron  pipes  for  hydraulic 
mining  in  1856.  The  great  difficulty  experienced  with 


DITCHES  AND   PIPE-LINES.  53 

such  pipes  was  the  quickness  with  which  they  rusted 
out.  They  were  therefore  painted  on  the  outside, 
but  this  did  not  prevent  their  rusting  on  the  inside. 

As  pressure  became  an  item  of  importance,  the 
strength  of  the  pipe  was  also  a  consideration,  and  as 
cast-iron  pipes  were  costly  and  difficult  to  transport, 
also  lapwelded  wrought  pipe,  attention  was  given  to 
wrought  and  sheet  steel  pipe  made  in  lengths  suitable 
for  transporting  on  mules  or  burros.  Spiral-riveted, 
galvanized  pipe  was  introduced,  but  this  gave  way  to 
riveted  sheet  iron  and  steel  pipe,  which  is  made  in 
sizes  from  four  to  sixty  inches  in  diameter,  carrying 
varying  pressures  up  to  600  Ibs.  per  square  inch.  The 
general  impression  prevails  that  such  pipe  is  not  as 
good  either  for  pressure  or  permanency,  yet  the  Con- 
necticut Tube  Works  have  been  making  for  municipal 
service  a  sheet-iron  pipe  lined  with  cement  for  some 
years  which  they  claim  is  more  serviceable  than  cast 
iron  and  fully  as  strong  after  fifteen  years'  service. 

That  it  is  not  necessary  to  use  heavy  cast-iron  pipe 
or  lapwelded  steel  or  wrought-iron  pipe  has  been 
proved  ;  and  further,  that  properly  constructed  sheet- 
metal  pipe,  when  painted  with  asphalt  inside  and  out, 
to  prevent  corrosion,  has  lasted  twenty-five  years  and 
come  into  more  general  demand  than  formerly.  The 
numerous  conditions  this  class  of  pipe  has  been  sub- 
jected to  from  necessity  are  such  that  reliable  data 


54  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 

as  to  pressure,  diameter,  and  thickness  of  metal  have 
been  obtained. 

The  result  of  this  experience,  briefly  stated,  is,  that 
a  comparatively  light  sheet-metal  pipe,  in  sizes  of  mod- 
erate diameter,  when  properly  proportioned  to  diame- 
ter and  pressure,  is  both  cheaper  and  more  satisfactory 
than  other  pipe. 

Asphalt  paint,  so  long  as  it  is  kept  intact,  makes  the 
pipe  practically  indestructible  so  far  as  ordinary  wear 
is  concerned.  Where  the  coating  is  worn  off  by  abra- 
sion in  transportation,  or  where  the  pipe  is  subject  to 
severe  shock  by  the  pressure  of  air  *  or  sudden  closing 
of  the  gates,  or  where  expansion  and  contraction  open 
the  joints  and  break  the  asphalt,  corrosion  would  nat- 
urally occur,  but  this  can  be  remedied  by  care  and  an 
application  of  paint  in  such  places. 

In  laying  pipe  the  shortest  practicable  distance  is  ad- 
visable, wherever  the  ground  will  permit  it,  and  sheet 
pipe  should  always  have  a  solid  foundation  along  its 
entire  length.  If  it  must  cross  a  small  ravine  it  should 
be  on  a  trestle  and  resting  its  entire  length  on  plank. 
Short  turns  or  acute  angles  should  be  avoided,  as  they 
lessen  the  pressure  and  give  a  shock  to  the  pipe;  also, 
the  pipe  will  be  more  affected  by  expansion  and  con- 
traction at  such  points. 

*  Water-hammering. 


DITCHES   AND    PIPE-LINES.  55 

Wherever  practicable,  the  pipe  should  be  laid  in  a 
trench  and  covered  with  earth,  to  protect  it  as  much 
as  possible  from  contraction  and  expansion  or  injury. 
When  laid  over  a  rocky  surface,  straw  or  rubbish  will 
protect  it  from  the  sun,  and  generally  prevent  freez- 
ing, especially  if  the  water  is  in  motion.  As  a  rule, 
this  pipe  is  not  used  along  the  ditch-line,  but  runs 
from  the  flume  or  reservoir  down  a  steep  incline  to 
the  discharge  point. 

In  laying  a  pipe  it  should  be  commenced  at  the 
lower  or  discharge  end  and  worked  uphill.  In  the 
long-distance  transmission  plant  at  Fresno,  Cal.,* 
the  construction  of  the  pipe-line  commenced  at  both 
ends,  and  considerable  difficulty  was  encountered  in 
closing  the  gap  at  the  centre  of  the  line.  This  was 
due  to  the  alteration  in  length  resulting  from  the 
change  of  temperature.  Before  sunrise  the  opening 
would  be  7  feet  8  inches,  but  in  the  afternoon  the  gap 
would  be  7  feet.  The  connection  was  finally  made 
before  sunrise,  and  the  pipe  filled  with  water  before 
the  sun  had  a  chance  to  expand  it. 

There  are  two  methods  of  joining  pipe-lengths,  as 
shown  in  the  cut  Fig.  12.  With  the  slip-joint  the 
pipes  are  not  of  large  diameter  or  under  very  high 
head;  whenever  this  joint  is  used,  the  lower  end  of 

*  Scientific  American,  March  27,  1897. 


56  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 


FRESNO   POWER   PLANT. 


DITCHES   AND   PIPE-LINES. 


57 


58  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

each  length  of  pipe  is  wrapped  with  cotton  drilling  or 
burlap,  to  prevent  leaking,  inserted  into  the  next  lower 
length,  and  driven  in.  In  laying  pipes  where  the 
lengths  come  together  at  an  angle  a  lead  joint  should 
be  used,  or  where  the  pressure  is  great  or  the  diameter 
is  large  lead  joints  should  be  made.  This  joint  is 
made  by  means  of  a  sleeve,  a,  which  has  a  diameter 
J  inch  larger  than  the  pipe ;  into  this  space,  b,  hot 
lead  is  poured. 

With  heavy  pressure  on  steep  grades,  the  sections 
should  be  wired  together,  and  lugs  furnished  for  the 
outside  of  the  pipe;  anchor-wires  should  also  be  used 
at  intervals  on  heavy  grades.  It  is  customary  in  some 
instances  to  make  the  pipe  of  large  diameter  and  light 
weight  near  the  source  of  water-supply  and  decrease 
the  diameter  and  use  heavier  metal  down  toward  the 
discharge. 

At  the  Fresno  power  plant  mentioned  above  the 
pipe  line  was  4000  feet  long,  with  a  head  of  1411  feet, 
giving  a  pressure  of  609  pounds  per  square  inch. 
This  was  built  in  three  sections,  as  follows : 

1st  Section.  — 1820  feet,  24-inch  riveted  pipe,  first 
half  No.  12  steel,  and  the  second  half  J-inch  steel 
plate. 

2d  Section. —  400  feet,  2oinch  diameter,  lock- 
jointed  welded  pipe. 

3d  Section. — 1800  feet,  2O-inch-diameter  lapwelded 


DITCHES  AND   PIPE-LINES.  59 

|-inch  thick  pipe,  with  flange-joints  and   rubber  pack- 
ing. 

This  column  of  water  weighs  about  317  tons,  and 
has  a  thrust  of  93  tons,  issuing  from  i-J-inch  nozzle  at 
a  speed  of  9000  feet  per  minute. 

Care  should  be  taken  when  pipes  are  covered  to  test 
them  to  see  if  the  joints  are  tight.  In  filling  the  pipes 
at  first  all  air  must  be  expelled  and  prevented  from 
being  sucked  in.  Air-valves  are  necessary  where 
pipes  are  laid  on  any  but  a  uniform  grade  with  a 
heavy  pressure. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  see  there  are  no  stones  or 
other  obstructions  in  the  pipe  before  being  entirely 
filled  for  use.  Air  escaping  from  the  Fresno  pipe  noz- 
zle makes  a  noise  which  can  be  heard  several  miles, 
due  to  the  expansion  of  air  as  it  leaves  the  nozzle  in 
bubbles  that  have  been  subjected  to  the  heavy  pressure. 
Head  in  feet  is  the  perpendicular  height  of  the  water 
from  its  entrance  into  the  pipe  to  its  discharge  plus 
the  height  of  the  water  above  the  pipe-mouth  at  its 
entrance.  Usually  the  head  of  water-pressure  may  be 
for  safe  estimate  taken  at  j-  pound  for  every  foot  in 
height;  in  reality  it  is  0.434  pounds  per  square  inch 
for  every  foot  in  height. 

The  loss  of  head  by  friction  in  pipe  depends  upon 
the  diameter,  length,  and  quantity  of  water  passed. 

A    series    of   88    experiments  made    by    Hamilton 


60  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

Smith,  Jr.,  as  to  the  flow  of  water  through  circular 
pipes  of  various  diameters  from  £  inch  to  4  feet  are 
reduced  to  the  formula: 


where 


v  =  velocity  in  feet  per  second, 

d  =  diameter  of  pipe, 

/  =  length, 

/*'  =  effective  head, 

m  =  variable  coefficients. 

The  effective  head  h'  was  derived  from  the  total 
head  h  as  follows,  c  being  the  coefficient  of  contrac- 
tion at  entrance: 

h  —  h1  =  ,  in  which 

*gf 

2g  is  the  acceleration  of  gravity  due  to  a  body  falling, 
the  velocity  of  water  being  the  same  as  the  velocity  of 
a  body  falling  the  same  height  in  a  given  time  in  air. 

The  area  of  pipe  has  much  to  do  with  the  flow  of 
water;  by  doubling  the  area  we  can  increase  the  flow 
four  times  under  the  same  head  of  pressure. 

The  rubbing  surface  will  increase,  but  not  in  propor- 
tion to  the  difference  in  area.  For  example,  the  area 
of  a  I -inch  pipe  is  0.7854  square  inches,  of  a  2-inch 
pipe  it  is  four  times  that,  or  3.1416  square  inches. 


DITCHES   AND   PIPE-LINES.  6l 

The  circumference  or  frictional  rubbing  surface  of  a 
i-inch  pipe  is  3.1416  lineal  inches,  while  the  perim- 
eter or  rubbing  surface  of  a  2-inch  pipe  is  6.2832 
inches,  or  twice  that  of  the  i-inch  pipe.  There  are 
other  factors,  such  as  the  coefficient  of  friction,  which 
enter  into  the  problem,  which  is  too  intricate  for  this 
work ;  and  as  life  is  too  short  even  for  the  engineer  to 
work  out  these  details,  he  generally  refers  to  tables, 
one  of  which  we  insert,  giving  the  diameter  of  pipes 
and  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction  up  to  36  inches  in 
diameter.  (See  table  on  page  223.) 

Pipe-lines  generally  involve  considerable  outlay ; 
consequently,  calculations  as  to  capacity  and  strength, 
as  well  as  spacing  and  punching,  are  considerations. 
The  table  on  page  218  gives  the  safe  head  for  various 
sizes  of  double-riveted  pipe  up  to  42  inches  in  diameter. 

When  such  pipe  is  left  to  the  option  of  the  maker 
the  lengths  are  generally  27  feet.  When  it  is  to  be 
transported  by  wagon  the  lengths  are  20  feet.  When 
the  pipe  is  for  heavy  pressure  and  mule-packing  it  is 
made  in  sections  of  24  to  30  inches  in  length,  rolled 
and  punched,  with  rivets  furnished  to  put  together  on 
the  ground  where  laid.  Pipe  of  this  character  can  be 
riveted  cold,  with  the  ordinary  tools  for  the  purpose, 
and  has  a  discount  of  30  per  cent  from  complete  pipe. 
After  riveting,  the  pipe  should  be  tarred  or  painted 
with  asphalt  and  allowed  to  dry. 


62 


HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER    MINING. 


DITCHES   AND   PIPE-LINES.  63 

Inverted  siphons  are  used  where  a  valley  is  too  deep 
to  trestle.  The  water  entering  the  pipe  must  have  a 
higher  head  than  where  it  leaves  the  pipe.  At  Junc- 
tion City,  Trinity  County,  California,  there  has  been 
laid  5700  feet  of  siphon  pipe  to  get  the  water  over  280 
feet  of  canon.  This  is  made  in  two  sections;  2200 
feet  is  No.  10  iron  30  inches  in  diameter,  and  3400 
feet  is  No.  7  iron  36  inches  in  diameter.'55' 

Where  slip-joint  pipe  is  to  be  used  an  allowance  of 
three  inches  must  be  made  on  each  length  of  pipe 
ordered,  for  loss  in  driving  the  joints  together.  In 
case  they  leak  but  slightly,  the  leak  may  be  stopped 
by  throwing  bran  or  sawdust  into  the  pipe ;  or  if  that 
does  not  answer,  by  dry  wooden  wedges  driven  into 
the  joints.  Should  the  leak  be  large,  clamps  must 
be  used  which  encircle  the  joint. 

*  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  Nov.  27,  1897. 


CHAPTER   V. 
MINER'S  INCH-GIANTS—VALVES—GATES. 

ONE  gallon  of  water  weighs  8.33  pounds  and  con- 
tains 231  cubic  inches. 

One  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62.5  pounds  and 
contains  1728  cubic  inches,  or  7.5  gallons. 

The  miner's  inch  is  a  flow  of  water  equal  to  1 . 5  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  or  11.25  gallons  per  minute.  The 
term  miner's  inch  is  of  Californian  origin,  and  is  not 
known  in  any  other  locality,  it  being  a  method  of  meas- 
urement adopted  by  the  various  ditch  companies  in  sell- 
ing water  to  their  customers.  The  term  as  used  in  Cal- 
ifornia is  indefinite,  because  all  water  companies  do 
not  use  the  same  head  above  the  aperture,  and  conse- 
quently the  miner's  inch  of  water  is  a  variable  quantity 
for  each  district,  no  one  gauge  having  been  uniformly 
adopted.  The  pressure  above  the  water  discharge, 
the  size  of  the  apertures  through  which  the  water 
flows,  also  the  plank  over  which  the  water  flows, 
and  the  flume  or  weir,  vary ;  therefore  a  miner's  inch 

in  one  locality  may  be   10.2  gallons  per  minute,  while 

64 


MINER'S  INCH — GIANTS — VALVES — GATES.      65 

m  another  it  may  reach  13  gallons  per  minute.  The 
most  common  measurement  is  through  an  aperture 
2  inches  high  and  whatever  length  is  required,  over 
or  through  a  plank  ij  inches  thick,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration,  Fig.  15.  The  lower  edge  of  the  aperture 


FIG.  15. 

is  2  inches  above  the  bottom  of  the  measuring-box, 
and  the  top  plank  5  inches  above  the  aperture,  thus 
making  at  the  centre  of  the  stream  flowing  out  a 
6-inch  head  of  water.  Each  square  inch  of  this 
opening  represents  a  miner's  inch  which  will  flow  i£ 
cubic  feet,  or  I  ij  gallons  of  water  per  minute.  If 
the  slide  5  be  moved  out  one  inch  the  aperture  for 
discharge  will  be  2  square  inches  and  the  flow  of  water 
22.5  gallons  per  minute. 

Fraser  and  Chalmers  base  their  calculations  for  Pel- 
ton  water-wheel  tables  upon  the  miner's  inch  given. 

Weir  Measurement.  —  Place  a  board  or  plank 
notched,  as  shown  in  Fig.  16,  at  some  point  in  a 


66 


HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 


stream,  where  it  will  dam  the  water  and  form  a  pond 
above  it.  The  notch  in  the  plank  should  be  twice  the 
depth  for  small  quantities  and  longer  in  proportion 
to  the  quantity  of  water  to  be  measured. 

The  edges  of  the  notch  should  be  bevelled  toward 
the  intake  side,  as  shown.  The  overfall  below  the 
notch  should  not  be  less  than  twice  its  depth ;  that  is, 
if  notch  is  6  inches  the  overfall  should  be  12.  In  the 


FIG.  16. 

pond,  about  three  feet  or  more  above  the  dam,  drive 
a  stake,  and  then  obstruct  the  water  until  it  rises  to 
the  bottom  of  the  notch  and  mark  the  stake  at  this 
level.  Then  complete  the  dam  so  that  all  water  in 
stream  will  the  go  over  the  notch,  and  make  another 
mark  at  this  level  on  the  stake.  The  distance  between 
the  marks  on  the  stake,  measured  in  inches,  is  the 
theoretical  depth  of  flow. 


MINER'S  INCH — GIANTS — VALVES — GATES.      67 

To  find  the  discharge  over  a  weir  of  this  description 
in  cubic  feet  per  second  :* 

Let  h  —  head  in  inches, 

b  —  the  length  of  the  overfall  in  feet, 

c  —  constant  number  3.33, 

Q  =.  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  minute? 

Then 

Q=    VJfXbX  3-33- 

Example. — How  many  cubic  feet  per  second  will 
flow  over  a  weir  4  ft.  long,  0.64  ft.  deep,  measured  as 
at  h  or  on  the  stake,  with  the  constant  number  3.33? 


Q  —  ^.64  X.64X  .64=  V. 262144  =  .5i 

6.82    cubic    feet   per    second,    or    51.15    gallons  per 

second. 

This  formula  is  probably  beyond  the  comprehension 
of  some, and  to  facilitate  matters  for  the  engineer, tables 
have  been  made.  The  table  on  page  222  gives  the  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  minute  which  will  flow  over  a  weir 
I  inch  wide  and  from  -J  to  2O-J  inches  deep.  For  ex- 
ample, suppose  the  weir  to  be  60  inches  long  (b)  and 
the  depth  of  the  water  on  it  to  be  6f  inches.  Follow 
down  the  column  marked  inches  on  the  left  until  6  is 
reached ;  follow  across  the  table  on  the  line  with  6 

*  Trautwirie, 


68  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER  MINING. 

until  -f  is  reached,  when  6.44  is  found.  Multiply  this 
latter  number  by  60,  which  gives  386.40,  the  number 
of  cubic  feet  passing  per  minute. 

To  measure  approximately  an  open  stream  by  velo- 
city of  the  current  and  cross  section. 

Measure  the  depth  of  the  water  at  from  6  to  12 
points  across  the  stream,  at  equal  distances  apart.  Add 
these  depths  in  feet  together  and  divide  by  the  num- 
ber of  measurements  made  to  obtain  the  average  depth 
of  the  stream,  and  this  multiplied  by  its  width  will 
give  its  area  of  average  cross-section. 

The  velocity  of  the  stream  is  now  found  by  laying 
off  100  feet  along  the  bank  and  throwing  a  float  into 
the  stream  a  short  distance  above  this  mark,  timing 
the  float  in  passing  the  distance  of  100  feet.  This 
should  be  done  several  times,  and  the  average  velocity 
determined. 

One-half  dozen  floats  thrown  into  the  stream  at 
one  time  and  timed  from  the  first  one  passing  the 
loo-foot  mark  to  the  first  one  passing  the  goal  will 
give  a  closer  average  time. 

Dividing  this  distance  by  the  average  time  found 
for  covering  it  gives  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute 
at  the  surface  of  the  stream.  The  surface  flows  faster 
than  the  bottom  or  sides,  the  difference  being  about 
8  per  cent,  but  for  the  approximate  calculation  here 


MINER'S  INCH— GIANTS— VALVES— GATES.       69 

this  may  not  be  considered,  unless  the  operator  de- 
sires it. 

The  velocity  and  area  having  been  ascertained,  mul- 
tiply the  two  together,  and  the  flow  in  cubic  feet  per 
minute  of  the  stream  is  approximated. 

With  the  introduction  of  stovepipe  in  hydraulic 
mining  it  was  found  necessary  to  retain  a  short  piece 
of  canvas  hose  to  fasten  the  nozzle  of  the  discharge  to 
the  pipe.  This  gave  way  as  pressure  was  increased  to 
the  gooseneck,  a  flexible  iron  joint  formed  by  two 
elbows  working  over  each  other. 

The  improvement  for  this  arrangement  was  the 
radius  plate. 

The  Craig  Monitor  followed,  and  then  the  Fisher 
Knuckle-joint.  Then  came  Hoskin's  Dictator,  and 
Hoskin's  Little  Giant,  which  at  least  has  given  the 
nozzles  a  name,  as  they  are  now  termed  "  giants." 

The  Joshua  Hendy  Company,  San  Francisco,  make 
what  they  term  a  double  ball-bearing  giant,  while 
Hoskin's  New  Hydraulic  Giant  has  various  improve- 
ments over  former  styles.  These  improvements  have 
been  gradual,  the  more  recent  having  increased  their 
efficiency  and  convenience.  The  figure  given  (Fig. 
17)  is  of  the  Hoskins  New  Hydraulic  Gian 

The  lever  shown  on  the  end  is  for  moving  the  de- 
flector, which  throws  the  stream  to  any  desired  angle 
without  moving  the  body  of  the  giant.  Horizontal 


70  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER  MINING. 

and  vertical  motions  are  made  with  one  joint,  and 
this  joint  protected  so  as  to  be  durable.  The  nozzle- 
butt  is  attached  to  the  pipe  so  as  to  counteract  the 
upward  movement  when  working  under  great  pres- 
sure. The  pipe  is  balanced  by  matching  the  notch  in 
its  flange  with  a  corresponding  one  in  the  flange  of 
the  elbow.  Where  there  is  a  downward  tendency 
of  the  pipe,  owing  to  low  water-pressure  or  small  noz- 
zle, use  is  made  of  the  balancing  attachment  shown. 


FIG.  17. 

The  nozzles  are  from  4  to  9  inches  inside  diameter, 
the  inlets  varying  to  correspond  from  7  to  15  inches 
diameter. 

Rule  for  finding  the  spouting  velocity  from  a  nozzle 
of  any  diameter,  under  any  head  or  column  of  water- 
pressure^  and  the  amount  of  water  which  will  flow  per 
second  through  the  orifice. 


MINER'S  INCH— GIANTS— VALVES— GATES.       71 

1st.   Find  the  area  of  the  nozzle  in  square  feet. 
Area  in  square  feet  =  diam.  X  diam.  X  0.7854-^  144. 

Example. — What  is  the  area  in  square  feet  of  ij- 
inch-diameter  nozzle  ? 

1.25  X  1.25  X  0.7854  -f-  144  =  0.0085. 

2d.  Find  the  theoretical  velocity,  and  multiply  it 
by  0.80,  the  coefficient  of  friction  caused  by  the  rush- 
ing of  water  through  the  nozzle. 


Theoretical  velocity  =    VHead  in  feet  X  8.03. 
Actual  velocity          =  Theoretical  velocity  X  0.80. 

Example. — With  a  head  of  25  feet,  what  is  the 
theoretical  and  what  the  actual  velocity  due  to 
gravity  that  water  will  spurt  from  an  orifice? 

Theo.  vel.    =    f  2^"  X  8.03  =  5  X  8.03  =  40. 15  ; 
Actual  vel.  =  40.15  X  0.8  =  32.12  feet  per  second; 
32. 12  X  60  =  cubic  feet  per  second. 
Application  to  rule. 

Question. — What  amount  of  water  will  flow  through 
a  ij-inch-diameter  nozzle  under  a  head  of  25  feet? 

Rule. — Area  in  square  feet  of  nozzle,  X  actual 
velocity  in  feet  per  second : 

0.0085  X  32.12  =  0.273  cu.  ft.  persec.  X7-5  =  2.0475 

gallons  per  second ; 

0.273  X  60  =  16.38  cu.  ft.  per  min.  X  7-5  =  122.85 

gallons  per  minute. 


?2  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

Practice  has  demonstrated  that  one  giant  with  a 
large  nozzle  is  better  than  several  smaller  nozzles  in 
different  localities.  The  large  nozzle  proportioned  to 
the  pressure  will  do  more  work,  and  offers  the  economic 
advantages  of  concentrating  the  work,  thus  lessening 
the  expenses.  There  should  be  at  least  two  working 
faces,  so  that  one  may  be  worked  while  the  pipe  is 
being  advanced  in  the  other.  This  is  accomplished 
by  running  the  main  line  of  pipe  into  the  centre  of 
the  ground  and  using  a  Y  which  has  water-gates  in 
either  direction.  There  should  be  a  gate  at  the 
reservoir  or  flume  at  the  head  of  the  pipe-line  to  cut 
the  water  off.  There  should  also  be  pressure-indi- 
cators and  water-regulators  which  will  regulate  the 
flow.  The  cheapest  gate  at  the  head  of  the  pipe-line 
or  along  the  ditches  and  flumes  where  pressure  is  not 
excessive  is  constructed  of  plank  about  three  feet 
long  and  eight  inches  high,  fitted  in  grooves,  one 
above  the  other,  so  they  may  be  easily  removed  and 
replaced.  The  grooves  are  formed  by  nailing  2X3- 
inch  plank  to  the  side  of  the  flume ;  through  these 
guides  the  gate-plank  may  be  lowered  and  raised  from 
the  top.  Considerable  trash  is  at  all  times  moving 
with  the  water  in  the  ditches,  hence  for  floating  rub- 
bish the  flume  or  pressure-box  should  have  inclined 
bars  of  wood  or  iron  to  collect  it  before  it  goes  into 
the  pipe  or  to  the  gate.  Sand  is  collected  in  the 


MINER'S  INCH— GIANTS— VALVES— GATES.      73 

same  manner  by  bars  placed  across  the  bottom  of  the 
flume  over  a  box,  let  into  the  bottom  as  shown  in  cut, 
Fig.  19.  The  details  in  the  construction  of  a  pres- 


FIG.  18. 


sure-box  are  similar  to  those  of  a  flume.  The  screen- 
bars  may  be  of  wood  or  of  iron ;  if  wood,  they  should 
be  diamond-shaped.  As  rubbish  collects  on  them 


74  HYbRAULlC  AND  PLACEk  MINING. 


MINER'S  INCH— GIANTS— VALVES— GATES.       75 

they  are  cleaned  with  a  rake.  The  sand-bars  S'  above 
the  sand-box  S£  are  of  iron,  about  £-inch  spaces. 
The  box  should  be  about  two  feet  back  from  the  5 
bars,  and  be  provided  with  a  small  gate,  G,  to  wash 
out  the  sand  whenever  the  accumulation  reaches  near 
the  bars. 

The  pipe  P  is  raised  about  2j  inches  above  the 
floor,  where  it  is  inserted  into  the  end  of  the  box. 

The  gate  G  regulates  the  flow  of  water  into  pipe 
P  and  shuts  it  off  entirely  if  a  small  waste- gate  is 
placed  between  it  and  the  pipe.  The  same  construc- 
tion for  gates  may  be  used  in  dams,  flumes,  and 
ditches.  Water-gates  are  expensive  when  made  of 
metal,  but  in  some  instances  they  will  be  required  in 
the  pipe,  near  the  pressure-box. 

Under  heavy  pressure  they  are  not  easy  to  work; 
and  wear  out  fast.  Pressure-boxes  should  be  and  are 
used  for  reservoirs  which  supply  the  pipe,  as  well  as 
for  flumes.  Reservoirs  for  retaining  a  supply  of  water 
for  the  pipe  are  preferable  to  directing  the  water  from 
a  ditch  or  flume  into  it;  for  if  accident  should  happen 
to  the  ditch  the  work  need  not  stop  while  it  is  being 
repaired. 

There  are  feeders  running  off  from  the  main  ditch 
to  storage  reservoirs  on  most  large  water  companies' 
lines,  for  the  sake  of  insuring  a  supply  and  to  guard 
against  accidents  to  ^ny  part  of  the  main  supply-canal 


MINERS   INCH — GIANTS — VALVES— GATES. 


77 


above  them.  These  are  specially  necessary  where  the 
water-supply  is  from  mountain  streams  which  have  a 
tendency  to  slack  off  in  water  during  the  summer 
months.  The  erection  of  retaining  dams  for  such  reser- 
voirs is  part  of  the  ditch  system. 

The  primary  object  of  such  dams  is  to  retain  water; 
they  therefore  should  be  water-tight.  They  must 
have  a  foundation  sufficiently  firm  to  prevent  sinking, 
and  a  base  sufficiently  wide  to  prevent  their  being 
moved  down-stream  by  the  pressure  of  the  water 
against  them.  This  base  it  will  be  necessary  to  in- 
crease in  width  as  the  dam  increases  in  height. 

Fig.  20  shows  the  incorrect  mode  of  building  a  dam 
wherever  the  volume  of  water  is  variable.  The  pres- 


p  p      p 


FIG.  20. 


FIG.  21. 


sure,  P,  of  the  water  increases  with  depth,  and  exerts 
a  pressure,  P ,  which  tends  to  slide  the  dam  off  its  base. 
If  constructed  as  in  Fig.  2 1 ,  the  dam  will  be  more  stable 
and  resist  the  water-pressure  better.  For  the  weight 
of  water,  PPP,  now  acts  in  part  to  keep  the  dam  in 


HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 


MINER'S  INCH — GIANTS — VALVES  — GATES.       79 

position,   consequently    is    opposed    to    the    pressure 
P'  which  acts  to  push  the  dam  outward. 


Masonry  dams  are  expensive,  but  masonry  is  neces- 
sary at  least  at  the  sides  of  any  reservoir  which  is  to 


80  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER    MINING. 

contain  any  amount  of  water.  The  centre  may  be 
crib-work,  weighted  down  with  stones,  puddled  clay, 
etc.  The  crib  is  made  of  logs  (Fig.  22),  and  bolted 
by  spikes,  P  (Fig.  23).  The  ties,  T,  are  notched  in 
diamond-shape,  with  a  section  of  the  log  forming  a 
collar.  They  are  longest  at  the  bottom  of  the  crib,  to 
be  weighted  down ;  they  are  also  spiked  to  the  log 
below  them  through  the  collar. 

The  logs  are  notched  to  receive  the  diamond-shaped 
collar  of  the  ties.  The  cribbing-logs  should  have  the 
joints  broken,  and  the  ties  should  not  all  be  one  above 
the  other,  but  should  be  for  about  three  logs  high. 
This  structure  may  be  given  a  batten  on  the  outside  or 
be  reinforced  by  an  embankment  of  stone.  The 
weighting  down  of  the  ties  should  proceed  with  the 
building  up.  Care  should  be  used  to  puddle  the 
structure  of  the  dam  at  its  face,  to  prevent  all  leakage 
possible.  Large  stones  laid  with  some  system  next 
the  face  inside  the  crib  will  prolong  its  life  consider- 
ably. The  ties  will  not  rot  fast,  and  the  face  will  last 
many  years,  even  when  rotted  considerably,  if  such  a 
system  be  followed. 


CHAPTER    VI. 
GRAVEL-ELEVATORS. 

THE  Evans  gravel-elevator,  which  is  herewith  illus- 
trated through  the  kindness  of  the  Risdon  Iron  Works 
Company,  is  used  for  treating  placer  deposits  where 
sufficient  fall  for  tail-sluices  is  not  available,  or  where 
it  is  impossible  to  run  bed-rock  sluices.  Hydraulic 
mining,  now  being  under  United  States  Government 
control,  has,  as  before  mentioned,  received  new  impetus 
in  California,  where  a  demand  for  suitable  machinery 
necessary  to  overcome  obstacles  is  increasing;  conse- 
quently, this  machine,  like  the  improved  dredgers, 
comes  very  opportunely. 

The  principle  of  the  elevator  is  that  of  a  steam-in- 
jector, or  where  the  velocity  of  the  water  flowing  up 
through  an  orifice  is  sufficient  to  cause  a  vacuum  and 
hence  a  suction  through  a  tail-pipe.  It  is  of  course 
necessary  to  have  a  higher  head  *  for  such  machines 
than  is  merely  necessary  to  lift  the  water  to  a  certain 


*  About  five  times  the  head,  over  the  lift. 

81 


82  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

height,  for  friction  of  the  water  and  the  weight  and 
friction  of  the  gravels,  together  with  gravity  acting 
upon  the  whole  mass  of  water  and  gravel,  must  be 
overcome. 

Besides  the  motive-power  pipe,  A,  Fig.  24,  there 
are  four  other  openings  in  this  elevator,  ByC,D,E.  B 
and  C  are  termed  auxiliary  suctions,  which  allow  the 
water  and  material  to  enter  at  the  back  of  the  seat, 
thus  reducing  the  wear  and  tear  on  the  machine.  The 
auxiliary  suctions  can  have  their  tail-pipes  extended 
to  any  distance  beyond  the  elevator  proper,  and  thus 
be  used  for  draining  in  bed-rock,  below  the  sluices 
connecting  with  the  main  elevator  opening,  D.  This 
may  be  very  advantageous  at  times,  and  can  be  carried 
on  without  interfering  with  the  main  work  of  sluicing. 

The  auxiliary  openings  also  increase  the  efficiency 
of  the  elevator,  by  allowing  the  proper  amount  of  air 
and  material  to  enter  when  the  main  suction,  D,  be- 
comes choked  or  for  some  other  cause  is  unable  to  do 
*ts  duty. 

This  feature  economizes  water,  which  must  other- 
wise be  turned  off  or  run  to  waste  while  the  obstruc- 
tion is  being  removed  or  the  difficulty  obviated. 

"  These  elevators  in  New  Zealand,  with  less  than 
400  inches  of  water  (600  cu.  ft.),  under  a  head  of  225 
feet,  lifted  sand  and  gravel  to  a  height  of  52  feet  at  the 
rate  of  2400  tons  in  24  hours." 


84  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 

"  This  work  was  carried  on  for  years,  elevating  one 
acre  of  ground  per  month,  varying  in  depth  from  30 
to  3 5  feet."* 

The  elevator  to  accomplish  this  work  used  250 
inches,  2812.5  gallons;  raised  its  own  water;  the 
water  coming  from  the  giant  at  the  rate  of  1687.5 
gallons  per  minute,  together  with  the  material  the 
giant  washed  out. 

The  expenditure  of  223  H.P.  to  accomplish  the 
work  of  74.5  H.P.,  thus  obtaining  but  an  efficiency  of 
33i  Per  cent  °f  the  power  expended,  does  not  at  first 
glance  seem  economical,  but  when  it  is  considered 
that  47  per  cent  of  the  power  is  used  by  the  water  in 
raising  its  own  weight  and  that  19^  per  cent  is  em- 
ployed in  overcoming  friction  the  machine  as  a  pump 
becomes  satisfactory. 

In  the  illustration  given 

D  is  the  main  suction,  which  takes  the  gravel  and 
water  coming  from  the  giant's  washing. 

B  and  C  are  the  auxiliary  suctions. 

E  is  the  discharge  end. 

A  is  the  supply-pipe  for  the  lifting  water,  or  motive- 
power  pipe. 

This  particular  elevator  was  connected  so  as  to  be 
permanent ;  they  may  be,  however,  connected  so  as  to 

*  Mr.   R.   S.  Moore. 


GRAVEL-ELEVATORS.  85 

do  their  own  sinking  to  bed-rock,  a  commendable 
feature,  when  it  avoids  the  necessity  of  making  a 
sump  by  hand,  which  may  require  timbering  and 


FIG.  24. 

pumping  arrangements,  as  well  as  a  diver,  to  connect 
the  elevator. 

The  excavation  necessary  in  placing  a   1 6- inch  ele- 
vator at    the  Golden   Feather  Mine,    Oroville,   Butte 


86  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 

County,  Colorado,  was  4  square  feet,  while  the  pre- 
vious year  an  old-style  elevator  required  128  square 
feet  of  excavation  and  the  services  of  a  diver  to 
place  it  in  position. 

The  Evans  elevator  was  fitted  up,  lowered  to  the 
bottom  of  the  river,  and  set  at  work  in  12  hours'  time. 

The  machines  could  be  proportioned  to  elevate  all 
the  gravel  which  one  giant  could  wash  and  sluice, 
were  the  material  of  a  proper  size  to  go  through  the 
throat  of  the  machine  below  E.  The  determination 
of  the  area  of  the  throat  will  depend  upon  the  water 
available  and  the  size  of  the  stones  in  the  gravel- 
bank.  The  latter  is  an  indeterminable  quantity, 
consequently  screen-bars  or  "grizzlies"  are  placed 
in  the  sluice  to  allow  only  certain-sized  material 
to  pass  through  into  the  sluice  going  to  the  elevator. 
Where  water  is  available  or  lift  slight  the  throat  may 
be  proportioned  to  accommodate  large  stones :  the 
largest  throat  on  record  is  for  stones  which  will  pass  a 
9-inch  screen. 

This  is  a  subject  of  much  significance,  for  the  ob- 
ject of  such  machines  must  be  in  part,  if  not  wholly 
so,  to  raise  the  greatest  amount  of  material  possible 
from  the  workings  and  put  it  out  of  the  way  once 
and  for  all. 

Mining  men  thoroughly  understand  the  importance 


GRAVEL-ELEVATORS.  87 

of  the  preceding  clause,  and  it  has  been  stated  to  the 
writer  that  since  the  introduction  of  the  Evans  ele- 
vator mining  men  are  now  seeking  propositions  which 
require  an  elevator,  although  heretofore,  owing  to 
heavy  cost,  weight,  and  inefficiency  of  old-style  ele- 
vators, they  would  not  consider  them. 

Mines  which  with  former  crude  machinery  were 
unable  to  pay  expenses  have  by  the  use  of  these 
new  machines  been  turned  into  dividend-payers. 

There  are  two  instances  where  these  machines  have 
been  able  to  elevate  with  a  2j-inch  jet  from  the 
motive-power  pipe  all  the  sand,  gravel,  and  water  it 
was  possible  to  bring  down  the  sluice  on  a  2  per  cent 
grade.  The  giant  had  a  2^  inch  nozzle,  and  used 
1687.5  gallons  of  water  per  minute,  while  the  ele- 
vator used  3187.5  gallons  of  water  per  minute  and 
raised  water  and  material  52  feet.  The  highest  eleva- 
tion on  record  is  70  feet. 

The  Golden  Feather  Company,  who  are  very  large 
river  operators,  dammed  the  Feather  River  at  Oroville 
with  head  and  foot  dams  i£  miles  apart,  the  object 
being  to  work  the  gravel  in  the  bottom  of  the  river. 
The  river  at  this  place  is  between  two  and  three  hun- 
dred feet  wide,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  deep ; 
in  order,  therefore,  to  reach  this  gravel-bed  dams  must 
be  made  and  the  water-course  changed,  and  finally  the 


GRAVEL-ELEVATORS,  89 

water  between  the  dams  pumped  out.  To  effect  the 
latter,  two  Evans  elevators  were  set  at  work,  and  ac- 
complished the  pumping  in  2-J-  days.*  Taking  the 
maker's  word  for  this  statement  and  the  lowest  esti- 
mate for  width  and  depth — viz.,  7920 X  200x20 X  7-5 — 
gives  237,600,000  gallons  in  60  hours,  or  1,980,000 
gallons  for  one  elevator  per  hour. 

The  data  required  for  estimating  the  duty  for  such 
elevators  and  which  the  makers  require  are : 

1st.  Quantity  of  water  available.  This  must  in- 
clude the  amount  of  water  the  giant  will  use,  and  the 
remainder  will  only  be  available  for  the  elevator. 

2d.  The  head  of  water  in  feet.  By  doubling  the 
size  of  a  nozzle  under  a  given  head  of  water  there  is 
4  times  the  quantity  of  water  passed  in  a  given  time, 
while  with  4  times  the  head  but  twice  the  quantity  is 
passed  by  the  same  nozzle. 

3d.  The  distance  the  elevator  must  lift.  Usually 
but  J-  the  head  can  be  counted  upon,  the  head  being 
used  up  in  overcoming  friction  and  the  power  which  the 
weight  of  the  column  of  water  and  material  of  the  suc- 
tion-pipes have  in  retarding  its  flow,  together  with  its 
own  weight  and  friction. 

4th.  The  distance  from  bed-rock  to  the  top  of  bank. 
If  placed  on  the  bank  the  elevator  must  raise  a  column 

*  Risdon  Iron  Company. 


90  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 

of  water  and  material  equal  to  the  distance  between 
the  throat  and  the  level  of  the  water.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  on  bed-rock,  the  weight  of  water  and  mate- 
rial will  assist  the  elevator. 

5th.   The  largest  size  of  gravel  to  be  elevated. 


CHAPTER   VII. 
EXPLOITING. 

HYDRAULICKING  is  feasible  only  by  two  methods, 
both  of  which  depend  upon  sluicing;  one  with  a  nat- 
ural, the  other  with  an  artificial  grade.  The  methods 
of  mining  with  the  giant  and  the  ground  sluicing  are 
similar  until  that  point  is  reached  where  the  grade  is 
not  sufficient  to  dispose  of  the  debris,  and  here  ele- 
vators must  be  resorted  to,  in  order  to  get  it  out  of 
the  way.  The  former  is  termed  a  sluicing  proposi- 
tion, the  latter  an  elevator  proposition. 

Exploiting  is  commenced  by  driving  a  tunnel  to 
reach  the  gold-bearing  deposit'  when  it  rests  in  a 
channel  having  rocky  sides.  This  bed-rock  tunnel  is 
not  always  a  necessity,  and  is  only  used  where  deep 
rocky  troughs  have  been  made  by  the  ancient  rivers. 
Where  tunnels  of  this  kind  are  to  be  run  a  shaft  is 
first  sunk  some  distance  from  the  location  of  the 
mouth  of  the  tunnel,  in  order  to  determine  the  level 
upon  which  it  is  to  be  carried  in ;  otherwise  it  may  be 
driven  too  high  or  too  low.  If  too  high,  it  is  useless, 

91 


Q2  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 

but  if  too  low,  a  shaft  may  be  driven  up  to  connect  it 
with  the  washing-pit.  Through  this  shaft  the  ma- 
terial is  dropped  to  the  tunnel,  and  so  conveyed  to 
the  sluice,  usually  just  below  its  mouth.  These 
tunnels  are  adapted  in  size  and  grade  to  the  amount 
of  material  to  be  passed  through  them.  The  floor  of 
the  tunnel  must  be  paved  with  cobblestones  or 
blocks,  to  keep  the  material  from  wearing  its  natural 
floor  away.  The  ground-sluice  is  more  common, 
since  the  older  river-beds  are  not  as  frequent  as  the 
more  recent  streams,  which,  as  they  became  filled  up, 
changed  their  course.  The  ground  or  bed-rock  sluices 
are  trenches  carried  toward  the  work  as  it  recedes,  and 
are  the  reservoirs  for  collecting  the  material  as  it  is 
washed  out  and  also  conveying  it  to  the  sluices.  At 
times  they  are  quite  deep  and  expensive  to  make,  but 
are  preferable  to  tunnels,  being  open  cuts. 

The  gravel-banks  may  at  times  be  quite  deep,  so 
that  it  becomes  advisable,  above  200  feet,  to  wash 
them  down  in  two  benches.  Where  such  is  the  case, 
care  must  be  exercised  to  avoid  the  whole  bank 
becoming  wet,  so  as  to  slide  down  into  the  trench  or 
on  to  the  pipes  and  giant.  To  avoid  this  a  channel 
should  lead  the  dirt  from  the  upper  bench,  with  the 
water  in  as  direct  a  line  as  possible  to  the  ground- 
sluice.  Where  the  bed-rock  is. not  highly  inclined, 
this  need  not  be  done  with  as  much  watchfulness. 


EXPLOITING.  93 

There  is  considerable  danger  of  the  ground  caving 
and  covering  up  the  pipes  and  men,  and  to  avoid  this 
the  ground  is  caved  purposely,  usually  in  the  day- 
time, so  that  the  night  shift  may  run  it  off.  To 
advance  the  work  in  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe  is  not 
advisable,  on  account  of  the  liability  of  either  one  side 
or  the  other  sliding  into  the  trench  and  doing  damage; 
for  this  reason  the  work  should  be  advanced  square 
and  the  corners  caved  as  the  material  is  washed  down. 
The  sluices  being  completed,  the  water-supply  assured 
at  least  for  a  season,  the  water  is  turned  on  and  wash- 
ing commenced  at  the  head  of  the  sluice.  The  dirt 
as  it  is  taken  up  by  the  water  in  suspension  adds  to 
the  density  of  the  liquid,  and  hence  to  its  transporting 
capacity.  This  may  be  better  understood  by  con- 
sidering the  momentum  exerted  by  water  moving  at 
a  given  velocity  in  feet  per  second.  One  cubic  foot  of 
water  will  weigh  62.5  pounds,  and  if  it  move  at  the 
rate  of  10  feet  per  second,  will  have  a  momentum  of 
625  pounds.  The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  wet  sand 
is  twice  that  of  water,  125.0  pounds.  Supposing  I 
cubic  foot  of  material  and  water  passing  along  the 
sluice  to  be  composed  of  two-thirds  water  and  one- 
third  sand,  the  weight  would  be  82.6  pounds,  and 
the  momentum  at  the  above  velocity  826  pounds, 
thus  increasing  the  transporting  capacity  of  the  water 
one-third.  The  density  of  the  water  having  been 


94  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

increased  one-third,  its  ability  to  float  material  has 
been  increased  one-third;  or,  expressed  in  momentum 
(as  far  as  the  rock  in  the  sluice  is  concerned,  whose 
specific  gravity  relative  to  the  fluid,  is  decreased 
one-third  as  compared  with  water),  1101  pounds. 
The  transporting  capacity  of  such  a  combination  is 
therefore  nearly  double  that  of  water  alone,  hence  the 
coarse  and  heavy  material  moves  along,  not  on  the 
bottom  of  the  sluice,  but  above  the  bottom  and 
below  the  water.  These  rocks,  further,  aid  in  their 
movement  to  disintegrate  and  wash  out  the  gold  from 
the  dirt,  and  prevent  packing  of  sand  by  their  dis- 
turbing action.  Heavy  rocks  will  not  have  the  same 
velocity  as  lighter,  but  their  colliding  has  a  grinding 
effect  upon  the  material  containing  the  gold.  The 
grade  of  such  sluices  must  depend  upon  the  amount 
of  water,  and  this  must  regulate  their  size  as  well. 
There  are  no  experiments  of  such  a  character  as  to 
make  a  rule  by  which  these  gradients  being  known 
the  transporting  capacity  can  be  determined.  Accord- 
ing to  Le  Conte,  "  If  the  surface  of  running  water 
be  constant,  the  force  of  running  water  varies  as  the 
square  of  its  velocity,  the  transporting  power  of  a 
current  as  the  sixth  power  of  the  velocity."  *  Fric- 
tion increases  as  the  square  of  the  velocity  and  as  the 

*  Elements  of  Geology,  pp.  19,  20. 


EXPLOITING.  95 

cube  of  the  density;  however,  each  liquid  will  vary, 
even  at  times  in  the  same  sluice,  to  a  wide  degree. 
Le  Conte  says:  "  The  transporting  power  of  water 
will  be  between  the  square  and  sixth  power  of  its 
velocity."  According  to  Smeaton,*  a  velocity  of  8 
miles  an  hour  will  not  derange  quarry  rubble  stones, 
not  exceeding  half  a  cubic  foot,  deposited  around 
piers,  except  by  washing  the  soil  from  under  them. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  transporting  power 
of  liquid  in  a  sluice  is  greater  than  in  a  river-channel, 
with  unequal  grades  and  bed,  consequent  eddies,  etc. ; 
assuming,  therefore,  that  the  sluice  is  5X3,  with  a 
wet  perimeter  of  5X2,  and  the  velocity  8  miles  per 
hour,  or  11.73  ^eet  Per  second.  The  fall  in  every 
foot-length 

vel.*  X  wet  perimeter  X  .0001 1 14 
area  of  waterway  in  feet 

vel.  X  wet  perimeter  X  .00002426 
area  of  waterway  in  feet 

_  11.73  X  H.73  X  9  X  .0001114 

10 

and 

1 1.73  X  9  X  .00002426       .002561 


=  -013795: 


=  .000256, 
10  10 

.013795  +  .000256  —  .014051  grade,  or  1.45  per 

*  Trautwine,  p.  563.     1876  edition. 


96  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER  MINING. 

cent.  Practice  has  demonstrated  that  the  best  grade 
for  sluices  is  about  3  to  4.5  per  cent,  which  would 
then,  with  4.5  per  cent  grade,  acquire  a  velocity  of 
24.8  miles  per  hour.  The  respective  grades  are  74.18 
and  237.6  feet  per  mile;  friction,  however,  increases 
as  the  square  of  the  velocities,  or  if  x  =  friction, 


82  :  24.8'  --  x     or     x*  =  3.1      .  •.  .*•=  4/3.1, 

or  1.761  increase  in  velocity — that  is,  14  miles  per 
hour,  instead  of  24.8.  A  sluice  5X2  with  such 
velocity  (14)  would  discharge  12,320  cubic  feet  per 
minute. 

The  size  of  a  sluice  depending  upon  the  grade  and 
character  of  the  gravel,  also  depends  upon  the  water 
used  and  its  duty.  The  duty  varies.  From  the 
large  amount  of  data  received  and  tabulated  by 
Mr.  Bowie  there  is  nothing  absolute  which  can  be 
placed  as  a  rule.  According  to  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia's engineer,  Mr.  Hall,  3.6  cubic  yards  of  dirt 
were  moved  by  1.5  cubic  feet  of  water,  for  24  hours' 
duration;  this  is  equivalent  to  2160  cubic  feet  of 
water  to  move  97  cubic  feet  of  gravel,  or  22  cubic  feet 
of  water  to  move  I  cubic  foot  of  material.  A.  J. 
Bowie  has  tabulated  18  cubic  feet  of  water  to  move  I 
cubic  foot  of  gravel  at  North  Bloomfield,  and  56 
cubic  feet  of  water  to  move  I  cubic  foot  of  gravel  at 
La  Grange  mines.  In  the  former  instance  the  grade 


EXPLOITING.  97 

was  8  per  cent  and  the  gravel  light;  in  the  latter  the 
grade  was  2  per  cent  and  the  gravel  the  run  of  the 
bank.  In  the  former  the  sluices  were  6  feet  wide  by  32 
inches  deep;  in  the  latter  they  were  4  feet  wide  and 
30  inches  deep.  The  height  of  the  banks  also  varied 
from  100  to  265  feet  at  North  Bloomfield,  against  10 
to  80  at  La  Grange,  which  would  exert  considerable 
influence  upon  the  quantity  of  material  the  water 
could  come  in  contact  with,  and  therefore  mine. 

Washing  is  commenced  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
sluice  and  continued  for  half  a  day  or  so  to  allow  the 
sluices  to  become  normal.  Care  is  necessary  when 
bed-rock  tunnels  are  used  not  to  choke  the  shaft,  as 
time  is  lost  and  it  is  dangerous  work  to  break  the 
jam,  possibly  requir.ng  the  use  of  dynamite. 

In  case  mercury  is  to  be  used  as  an  assistance  in 
catching  the  fine  gold,  it  is  poured  into  the  sluice  at 
each  riffle,  the  greatest  amounts  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  sluice  and  in  the  first  undercurrent,  diminishing 
the  amount  toward  the  tail-sluice.  The  action  of 
mercury  is  not  to  absorb  gold  and  form  amalgam  at 
once,  but  to  gradually  dissolve  it:  therefore,  float- 
gold,  and  what  is  termed  rusty  gold,  is  on  account  of 
its  lightness  in  the  first  instance  and  its  coating  of 
some  character  in  the  other  not  so  easily  caught  by 
mercury.  The  specific  gravity  of  mercury  being  at 
60°  Fahr.  13.58,  and  native  gold  19.3,  or  if  containing 


98  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER    MINING, 

silver  15.6  to  19.3,  it  follows  that  the  gold  will  sink 
into  the  mercury-bath,  while  sand,  with  a  specific 
gravity  of  2.63  to  3,  will  not.  But  mercury  is  not 
necessary  to  catch  the  heavier  particles  of  gold,  which 
would  lodge  anyway,  but  is  useful  in  saving  the  finer 
gold,  if  it  can  be  held  in  contact  with  the  mercury  a 
sufficient  time  to  allow  it  to  be  dissolved.  Riffles  are 
not  always  able  to  accomplish  this ;  hence  the  use  of 
undercurrents,  which  spread  the  pulp  out  thin. 

After  the  formation  of  amalgam,  which  is  brittle 
compared  with  mercury,  according  to  the  amount  of 
material  it  has  absoibed,  there  is  danger  of  loss  by  its 
floating  away,  and  this  means  a  loss  of  mercury  and 
gold. 

To  avoid  this,  "  clean-ups,"  or  a  collection  of  the 
mercury,  gold,  and  amalgam,  should  take  place  as 
frequently  as  possible. 

The  cleaning-up  process  may  take  place  in  sections 
or  the  entire  length  of  the  sluice,  commencing  by 
washing  out  the  bed-rock  tunnel  or  the  ground-sluice 
with  water,  taking  up  their  pavements,  then  washing 
the  blocks  and  floor  down  to  the  first  riffle.  At  this 
latter  point  all  amalgam  and  gold  washed  down  is 
taken  up  with  an  iron  scoop.  The  next  section  of 
sluice-floor  is  now  removed  and  treated  the  same  way, 
until  that  portion  of  the  sluice  to  be  cleaned  up  has 
been  gone  over.  The  little  water  which  was  used  to 


EXPLOITING.  99 

wash  the  blocks  is  now  turned  off,  and  the  cleaning  of 
the  cracks  and  nail-holes,  termed  "  crevicing, "  is 
commenced  by  using  silver  spoons,  to  which  the  mer- 
cury and  amalgam  cling.  This  process  having  been 
gone  through,  the  blocks  are  put  back  into  the  sluice 
and  gravel-washing  commenced  once  more.  The 
time  occupied  in  cleaning  up  will  depend  upon  the 
number  of  men  put  at  it.  Within  200  feet  of  the 
head  of  the  sluice  probably  three-fourths  of  all  the 
gold  will  be  found;  but  smaller  quantities  will  be 
found  nearly  to  the  tail-sluice,  or  say  1800  feet, 
depending  upon  the  character  of  the  dirt  washed  and 
the  nature  of  the  gold.  The  tail-sluices  are  cleaned 
up  only  at  the  end  of  the  season.  The  amalgam 
collected  is  now  retorted;  the  quicksilver  d  stilled  off 
is  collected  again  for  use  by  condensation. 

Certain  quantities  of  quicksilver  will  be  lost  in  the 
sluices  and  in  distillation.  In  the  first  instance  the 
loss  will  be  directly  proportional  to  the  quantity  of 
water  used  and  material  washed,  the  grades  being  the 
same.  If  clean-ups  occur  within  reasonable  periods 
the  length  of  the  sluices  will  not  be  a  factor:  but 
otherwise  it  must  be,  in  catching  fouled  mercury  or 
amalgam  particles.  There  is  no  method  of  determin- 
ing the  actual  loss  of  gold,  because  there  is  no  way  of 
arriving  at  the  absolute  amount  of  gold  in  the  deposit ; 


IOO  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

it  is,  however,  a  certain  percentage  of  the  gold  con- 
tent. 

The  elevator  proposition  is  one  where  the  natural 
grade  is  not  sufficient  to  allow  sluicing  and  depositing 
of  the  debris  into  a  suitable  location.  They  require 
more  water  than  simple  sluicing  propositions.  The 
elevators  may  be  placed  in  the  bed-rock  sluice  or  near 
the  bed-rock  tunnel,  if  necessary,  or  at  some  distance 
away,  to  answer  as  tail-sluices.  They  are  to  raise  the 
de"bris  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  level  and  discharge 
into  sluice-boxes.  The  giant  is  used  for  washing 
down  the  material  as  in  the  former  case.  Thus  the 
exploiting  is  every  way  the  same  except  in  elevating. 
The  methods  of  mining  and  prospecting  the  placers 
of  the  Klondike  is  similar  to  that  practised  in  Siberia. 

The  work  is  divided  into  two  sections: 

1st.   The  prospecting. 

2d.   The  exploiting. 

To  determine  the  value  of  the  ground,  which  is 
frozen  to  bed-rock  the  year  through,  it  is  necessary  to 
sink  shafts.  To  accomplish  this,  fires  are  built  on  the 
surface,  generally  two,  one  always  burning.  These 
fires,  7X7,  will  thaw  to  about  a  depth  of  8  inches, 
and  this  thawed  portion  is  removed  with  pick  and 
shovel,  after  which  another  fire  is  built,  and  so  on. 

The  shaft  is  continued  down  until  a  pay-streak  or 
bed-rock  is  reached.  In  order  to  ascertain  in  which 


EXPLOITING.;  ,,  ,„,.  -,  ,.  ,  ,    ^      IOI 

direction  and  how  wide  the  pay-streak  may  extend,  a 
series  of  shafts  are  necessary  in  the  river-bed.  It  may 
be  possible  that  the  shafts  are  sunk  in  barren  ground, 
when  a  few  hundred  feet  up  or  down  the  river  may  be 
rich  in  gold.  Prospecting  can  only  be  done  in  the 
late  fall  and  winter,  when  the  ground  is  frozen,  as  the 
placers  are  moss  first,  then  gravel  and  ice,  which 
makes  it  impossible  to  keep  up  a  shaft,  even  if  tim- 
bered closely,  in  summer,  when  melting  takes  place. 

This  method  of  prospecting  entails  the  hardest  kind 
of  work  and  many  difficulties  not  experienced  in  other 
warmer  localities. 

To  exploit,  work  must  commence  the  year  after 
prospecting,  and  in  the  Avinter-time.  This  makes  it 
necessary  to  have  two  drifts  underground,  each  con- 
nected with  a  shaft.  The  breasts  are  usually  30  or 
40  feet  long,  with  fires  built  in  such  a  way  that  the 
heat  will  thaw  in  about  6  or  8  inches  along  them. 
The  fires  are  banked  so  that  the  heat  of  the  burning 
wood  at  the  far  end  of  the  breast  will  move  toward 
the  shaft  and  up,  while  the  air  descending  will  pass 
over  the  bank  or  brattice  and  reach  the  fire  at  the  far 
end  of  the  breast. 

It  is  the  usual  custom  to  have  two  working  shafts 
and  breasts  unconnected,  so  that  while  one  breast  is 
thawing  the  other  breast  may  be  worked.  The  ma- 
terial which  is  thawed  and  broken  down  is  now 


102  £Y£R4ULiC  AND  -PLACER   MINING. 

removed  to  the  shaft  and  stacked  on  the  surface  until 
summer-time,  when  washing  can  take  place. 

The  accumulation  of  gold-bearing  dirt  is  sluiced  in 
summer,  if  fall  enough  can  be  had,  or  else  it  is 
panned:  washed  by  the  rocker  or  "  long  torn." 


.w 

0 

o 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
DREDGING. 

RIVER-DREDGING  has  been  within  the  last  three 
years  brought  to  such  a  degree  of  perfection  as  to 
place  it  among  the  new  gold-recovery  processes. 

New  Zealand  is  the  original  home  of  the  successful 
dredge,  where  it  has  been  operated  since  1886.  On 
the  Molyneux  River,  in  New  Zealand,  there  are  sixty 
dredges  in  operation,  the  evolution  of  the  present 
type  being  brought  about  by  experience,  dealing  with 
scientific  facts  and  the  causes  for  past  failures.  The 
river-bars  gave  indications  of  gold,  and  being  at  times 
rich,  it  was  known  that  the  river-bottom  must  contain 
gold  in  paying  quantities.  The  miners  of  the  earlier 
days  could  work  the  shores  of  the  river  with  spoons, 
which  consisted  of  a  bag  laced  or  riveted  around  an 
iron  frame  and  secured  at  the  end  of  a  long  pole,  so 
adjusted  and  weighted  that  it  could  be  drawn  along 
the  bottom.  When  filled,  or  partly  so,  it  was  hauled 
up.  Boats  were  next  used  with  this  spoon,  and  an 

auxiliary  boat  contained  a  rocker  for  separating  the 

104 


DREDGING.  10$ 

gold  from  the  dirt.  This  dredging  was  the  forerunner 
of  the  present  bucket  system  of  elevating. 

"  The  first  primitive  vessel  took  the  form  of  a 
couple  of  barrels  surmounted  by  a  timber  platform, 
on  which  the  dirt  was  shovelled  by  a  man  standing  in 
the  water,  the  dirt  afterward  being  taken  on  shore 
and  cradled."*  li  The  next  dredge  evolved  was 
three  canoes  lashed  together  by  a  board  platform 
and  secured  by  ropes  to  the  shore  to  steady  it.  It 
was  provided  with  the  spoon  already  mentioned  for 
excavating.  This  contrivance  was  the  first  pontoon 
dredge.  The  next  step  was  to  use  water-power  to 
work  the  spoon,  and  where  such  power  was  not  avail- 
able dredging  was  carried  on  by  spoons  being  raised 
by  crab-winches  worked  by  hand." 

Mr.  Ward,  in  1870,  the  inventor  of  the  current 
spoon-dredge,  designed  and  worked  successfully  a 
bucket-and-ladder  dredge,  the  motive  power  for  mov- 
ing the  buckets  being  obtained  from  current-wheels. 
This  was  followed  by  hand-power,  then  steam-power, 
as  practised  at  the  present  time. 

The  difficulties  are  many  yet  in  the  way  of  success- 
ful recovery  by  dredging,  not  in  the  sense  that  dredg- 
ing will  not  pay  dividends,  but  in  the  sense  of  saving 
a  larger  percentage  of  the  gold.  It  is  stated  that 

*  Otago  Witness. 


io6  HYDRAULIC  AND  PLACER  MINING. 

three-fourths  of  a  grain  of  gold  to  the  ton  will  pay 
expenses.  Mr.  R.  H.  Postelthwaite  claims  that 
"  any  ground  which  is  not  deeper  than  60  feet  below 
water-level,  or  more  than  20  feet  above,  and  which 
does  not  contain  rocks  above  one  ton  in  weight,  can 
be  handled  at  from  3  to  5  cents  per  cubic  yard." 

The  banks  out  of  water  may  be  worked  by  such 
dredges  from  the  shore  in,  making  their  own  float- 
way,  or  the  bank  may  be  stripped  by  the  hydraulic 
giant  and  then  worked  by  the  dredge,  thus  making  it 
possible  to  work  the  river-banks  as  well  as  the  river- 
bottom. 

The  construction  of  dredges  is  of  considerable 
moment,  but  the  arrangements  for  saving  the  gold  are 
of  more  importance.  The  first  item  is  mechanical,  but 
the  latter  is  scientific  to  a  much  greater  extent,  for  it 
embraces  a  knowledge  of  gold  as  found  in  rivers  and 
the  application  of  well-known  principles  derived  from 
the  treatment  of  tailings.  For  this  reason,  the  hy- 
draulic miner  does  not  know  it  all,  otherwise  there 
would  have  been  less  dredging  failures  in  this  country; 
nor  yet  has  he  brought  about  the  present  system,  it 
having  been  imported  from  New  Zealand,  and  the 
inventions  which  will  be  found  of  most  value  in  the 
future  of  such  machines  will  be  derived  from  the 
experience  of  metallurgists  in  their  treatment  of  tail- 
ings coupled  with  the  experience  of  hydraulic  miners, 


DREDGING.  107 

together  with  an  application  of  well-known  mechani- 
cal devices  used  in  other  classes  of  mining. 

The  treatment  of  tailings  will  require  exacting  care, 
elaborate  sluicing  arrangements,  with  a  uniform  sup- 
ply of  water  and  material.  It  is  impossible  to  save 
fine  gold  by  a  narrow  sluice  a  few  feet  long,  which 
must  carry  a  large  stream  of  water  and  possibly  a 
cubic  yard  of  material  per  minute  as  well;  a  sluice 
twice  the  size  and  one-half  the  length  will  do  better 
service.  This  any  one  may  recognize  at  a  glance;  for 
a  sluice,  say  2X3,  nas  a  rubbing-surface  of  7  feet, 
while  a  sluice  2x6  has  a  rubbing-surface  of  10 
feet;  consequently,  the  2X6  sluice  can  carry  twice 
the  amount  of  material  in  a  given  time ;  however, 
the  object  is  not  to  double  the  capacity — it  is  to 
deliver  the  same  amount  of  material  in  the  same  time 
but'allow  twice  the  opportunity  for  the  gold  to  settle 
by  offering  a  larger  bottom  rubbing-surface  and  less 
current  to  carry  the  gold  to  the  tail-sluice. 

Length  of  a  sluice  is  not  nearly  as  important  as 
width.  New  contrivances  for  saving  gold  on  dredges 
should  be  submitted  to  a  metallurgist  for  approval 
and  his  decision  be  final. 

Floating  dredges  were  first  arranged  to  raise  the 
auriferous  sands  from  the  river-bed  by  suction.  The 
reasons  for  their  proving  failures  were  long  ago  known : 

First,  light  sands  carry  little  gold  in  such  situations, 


108  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER  MINING. 

and  what  gold  there  is  in  them  is  so  fine  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  concentrate  or  catch  it,  being  known  as  float- 
gold ;  again,  the  coarser  gold  being  in  flakes,  moves 
readily  with  the  sand  and  is  not  easily  amalgamated. 

Second,  suction-pumps  could  not  raise  the  heavy 
gravel,  and  the  coarse,  easily  collected  gold  lies  among 
such  gravel. 

Elevators  of  gravel  on  the  chain-bucket  system 
have  proved  satisfactory  almost  from  the  start, 
because  such  excavators  could  bring  up  large-sized 
gravel  and  get  to  the  gold. 

Prof.  Eggleston  *  found  that  the  sands  of  Snake 
River  required  from  70  to  100  colors  to  produce  a 
value  of  10  cents,  while  at  the  placer  mines  of  Cali- 
fornia a  color  was  usually  valued  at  10  cents. 

Mr.  Braden  f  shows  what  pluck  can  do  even  with 
dredges.  Placer-mining  machines  are  of  three  types, 
for  three  different  purposes: 

1st.   For  river-dredging. 

2d.  For  dry  excavation  on  land,  where  material  is 
washed  with  water  after  excavation. 

3d.  For  dry  excavation  and  dry  treatment  of  ma- 
terial after  excavation. 

The  river-dredge  consists  of  a  scow  or  flat-bottomed 
boat  upon  which  the  machinery  rests.  The  bow  end 

*Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E.,  1889 

\  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  vol.  LXIV,  p.  605. 


DREDGING.  109 

of  this  scow  has  two  sections  which  divide  it  through 
the  centre  sufficiently  to  allow  the  elevator-buckets 
to  travel.  This  class  of  scow  is  better  and  more 
staunch  than  where  the  buckets  are  placed  at  the 
end  or  bow,  even  though  the  heavy  machinery  is 
placed  at  the  stern.  Fig.  25  shows  the  deck-plan  of 
such  dredge,  while  Fig.  26  shows  a  longitudinal 
cross-section  with  the  chain  elevators  showing  in  the 
division  of  the  hull. 

The  construction  of  a  scow  is  not  a  difficult  under- 
taking, but  the  hull  must  be  proportioned  to  the 
weight  of  machinery  and  thoroughly  braced.  The 
ribs  are  to  be  firmly  mortised  to  the  sills  and  pinned 
with  wood.  The  bottom  and  sides  should  be  of  4-inch 
plank,  grooved  and  wedged,  the  wedge  being  of 
£-inch  dry  white  pine,  well  leaded  before  driven 
home.  The  width  of  the  wedge  or  tongue  should  be 
2  inches,  one  inch  going  into  the  groove  in  each 
plank.  The  ribs  are  reinforced  where  they  mortise 
into  the  sill  by  a  bracket  or  other  brace  and  are  tied 
across  their  upper  ends  by  caps  which  answer  as  floor- 
er deck-sills.  The  floor-sills  must  be  braced  by 
upright  posts,  and  where  machine  rests  by  king-  and 
queen-posts.  The  sills  should  not  be  more  than 
6  feet  apart  and  of  4  X  8  stuff.  The  ribs  and  caps 
will  correspond,  and  need  not  be  over  4X6  stuff. 
The  machinery  of  a  heavy  character  should  be  on  the 


1 10  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER   MINING. 


DREDGING. 


Ill 


112  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

sills  of  the  scow,  while  all  other  machinery  should  be 
above  deck.  The  deck  should  be  water-tight,  and 
the  machinery  housed,  to  protect  the  men  and  ma- 
chinery in  rainy  weather.  The  illustration  shows  the 
dredge  to  be  provided  with  sharp  spiles  (spuds),  P,  at 
one  end,  to  keep  the  scow  up  to  the  current  and 
stationary  while  at  work.  Wherever  spuds  are  used 
they  must  be  driven  into  the  river-bottom,  and  the 
scow  probably  be  anchored  to  the  shore  by  ropes  as 
well.  In  place  of  spuds,  power-winches  with  drums 
are  employed,  ropes  leading  from  them  to  the  four 
corners  of  the  scow  and  thence  to  the  river-bank,  or 
anchors,  if  the  river  is  too  wide.  These  drums  can  be 
worked  independently,  and  thus  any  position  rapidly 
taken.  A  fifth  line  and  drum  is  used  to  advance  the 
position  ahead,  so  that  one  man  can  change  the  posi- 
tion of  the  dredge  at  will. 

The  machinery  for  an  up-to-date  dredge  must, 
besides  the  engine  and  boiler,  consist  of  excavators, 
washers,  pumps,  sluices,  and  riffles. 

These  different  classes  of  apparatus  must  conform 
to  the  character  of  the  gravel  deposit  and  the  gold  in 
that  deposit.  The  difficult  part  of  any  class  of  gold- 
mining  is  the  recovery;  from  this  fact  it  is  evident 
that  possibilities  are  great  for  future  success,  and  that 
this  particular  branch  of  the  industry  is  capable  of 
much  expansion  and  development,  so  as  to  be  an 


DREDGING.  113 

increasing  factor  of  individual  wealth,  as  it  is  at 
present  in  some  instances. 

Excavating  embraces  the  removal  of  a  portion  of 
the  river-bed  containing  gold  in  part  up  through  the 
water  and  delivering  it  to  the  washer. 

Dredging-machines,  to  be  successful,  must  combine 
three  independent  elements,  viz.  :  Excavating,  Wash- 
ing, and  Sluicing  Apparatus. 

These  primary  machines  should  have  their  com- 
ponent parts  so  arranged  as  to  meet  the  varying 
requirements  of  the  material  which  they  are  to  treat ; 
consequently,  the  wider  range  for  treatment  they 
possess  the  more  satisfactory  they  will  prove. 

Excavating  apparatus  for  river-dredging  should 
combine  power  and  durability,  and  be  capable  of 
handling  both  fine  and  coarse  material.  ( 

The  machine  which  can  nearest  approximate  these 
conditions  is  the  dipper  dredge. 

Briefly,  there  are  three  types  of  excavators  for  river- 
dredging,  each  of  which,  under  theoretical  conditions, 
is  feasible ;  consequently,  each  type  has  its  advocate, 
but  that  theoretical  suppositions  cannot  be  main- 
tained in  river-beds  has  been  amply  demonstrated  by 
past  failures  in  river-dredging. 

The  three  classes  of  excavators  in  general  use  are : 

The  suction  pump ; 

The  dipper,  and 


114  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

The  chain-and-bucket  elevator  and  excavator. 

The  suction  pump  has  within  its  small  radius  of 
suction,  necessarily  close  to  the  suction  pipe,  sufficient 
power  to  raise  mud,  fine  sand,  and  gravel.  This 
suction  power,  however,  is  not  able  to  raise  coarse 
gold,  on  account  of  its  specific  gravity,  or  the  coarse 
material  which  usually  composes  the  alluvions  close 
to  bed-rock  in  rivers,  and  among  which  the  richer 
gold  deposits  are  found. 

The  suction  pump,  when  compared  with  the  other 
two  types  of  elevators,  has  an  exceedingly  narrow 
range  of  usefulness,  even  if  combined  with  a  rotary 
cutter  on  the  suction  pipe. 

The  dipper  excavator,  up  to  a  certain  depth,  de- 
pending upon  the  length  of  the  dipper-arm,  is  able  to 
move  and  remove  boulders  which  the  other  systems 
cannot. 

This  is  made  possible  by  the  fork  on  the  end  of  the 
dipper,  the  large  mouth  of  the  dipper,  and  the  con- 
centration of  power.  These  advantages  become  more 
evident  when  one  takes  into  consideration  that  they 
obviate  the  necessity  of  raising  and  lowering  the 
bucket-ladder,  backing  and  filling,  with  consequent 
cessation  of  work  during  that  time,  and  possibly  a 
change  of  the  scow's  position.  Further,  it  is  possible 
to  excavate  more  ground  in  a  given  time,  closer  to 
bed-rock,  and  on  account  of  the  lateral  swing  of  the 


DREDGING.  1 15 

bucket-arm,  a  wider  space  without  change  of  the 
scow's  position. 

The  opponents  of  the  dipper  usually  advance  two 
arguments :  First,  that  the  dipper-door  cannot  be 
made  tight  without  great  expense  for  gaskets — and 
consequently  there  is  apt  to  be  a  loss  of  gold  unless 
they  be  used. 

To  obviate  this  loss  from  leakage  gaskets  of  com- 
mon rubber  hose  are  so  arranged  as  not  to  come 
in  contact  with  the  material  during  its  discharge  from 
the  dipper.  These  gaskets  wear  well,  are  not  expen- 
sive, and  can  be  replaced  in  ten  minutes'  time,  if 
necessary. 

As  the  material  is  brought  up  in  masses,  with  little 
water  in  comparison  to  the  bulk  of  material  raised  by 
the  other  two  classes  of  excavators,  the  loss  of  gold 
from  seepage  through  the  door  under  any  circum- 
stances is  slight. 

The  second  objection  to  the  dipper  is  stated  to  be 
the  agitation  caused  by  the  dipper's  attack  on  the 
material.  This  attack  is  no  more  vicious  than  that  of 
a  bucket  in  comparison  with  their  sizes,  the  water  in 
the  dipper  being  pushed  out  gradually  as  the  material 
enters;  the  ground,  therefore,  for  this  objection  is 
tenable  only  where  gold  is  free  and  very  fine,  and  in 
such  instances  the  bucket  is  likewise  objectionable. 

The  specific  gravity  of  gold  is  such  that  particles  the 


Il6  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

size  of  pin-heads  are  not  easily  floated  in  swift-run- 
ning water. 

Mr.  P.  Wright  says  "  that  in  the  Beechwood  district 
of  Australia  "  he  found  95  per  cent,  of  the  gold  within 
three  feet  of  where  it  was  filled  into  the  sluice,  the 
gold  lying  on  a  smooth  board,  and  yet  a  powerful 
current  failed  to  move  it. 

Mr.  Alex.  J.  Bowie  says  that  80  per  cent,  of  the 
gold  recovered  is  found  within  the  first  200  feet  of 
the  sluice,  and  quotes  an  instance  where  in  a  100  days' 
run  which  cleaned  up  $63,000  %$-£$  per  cent,  was 
caught  in  the  first  150  feet.  The  grounds  taken  by 
some  manufacturers  of  bucket  dredgers  for  their 
opposition  to  suction  dredgers  is  that  coarse  gold  is 
too  heavy  to  be  drawn  into  the  tail-pipe,  but  not  too 
heavy  to  be  disturbed  by  the  dipper. 

Careful  consideration  of  the  imaginary  difficulties 
attending  the  use  of  the  dipper  which  are  advanced 
will  probably  lead  to  its  adoption,  since  it  has  no  equal 
for  moderate  depths  and  wide  range  for  handling 
material. 

An  objectionable  feature  of  the  dipper  is  the  inter- 
mittent manner  in  which  it  brings  gravel  to  the 
hopper;  at  times  it  delivers  a  full  dipper,  but  more 
frequently  a  less  quantity,  with  much  water.  It  is 
difficult  to  receive  material  in  this  way,  and  generally 
the  dipper  will  require  another  scow  to  treat  the 


DREDGING.  117 

material,  otherwise  the  hopper  and  sluices  must  be 
placed  upon  the  river-bank. 

The  same  objections  apply  to  the  clam-shell  dredge 
in  a  greater  degree,  for,  should  a  stone  prevent  the 
shells  from  closing  tight,  the  gold  would  be  lost  in 
getting  the  material  to  the  hopper;  besides,  the  agita- 
tion consequent  upon  the  shutting  and  lowering  of  the 
dipper  may  be  sufficient  to  float  gold  away  from  the 
material  being  excavated. 

The  Australian  and  New  Zealand  dredges  are  of 
the  chain-bucket  type,  which  is  an  economical  dredg- 
ing machine. 

The  action  of  the  buckets  being  slow  and  uniform, 
no  undue  agitation  is  caused  in  the  water  and  no 
vicious  attack  is  made  upon  the  bed  of  the  river.  The 
material  is  picked  up  slowly,  hoisted  at  the  same  rate, 
and  delivered  in  a  continuous  manner  to  the  washer. 

The  buckets  retain  the  gold  from  the  gravel-bed  to 
the  dump,  as  they  are  water-tight  and  pitched  to 
retain  their  entire  contents. 

The  buckets,  further,  being  in  the  centre  of  the 
boat,  keep  it  on  its  centre  of  gravity,  and  as  the 
material  is  brought  up  in  smaller  masses,  with  water  in 
considerable  quantities,  it  is  more  readily  broken  and 
washed,  which  is  especially  advantageous  where  clay  is 
present. 

Fig.  27  shows  a  cross-section  of  a  dredge  of  this 


Il8  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

type.  The  buckets  are  made  of  steel,  the  shovel- 
ling-end being  reinforced,  so  that  that  portion  may  be 
replaced  as  it  wears  without  discarding  the  whole 
bucket.  The  buckets  are  firmly  secured  to  the  chain 
by  rivets.  The  Bucyrus  Company,  of  South  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  make  three  sizes  of  buckets,  having 
capacities  of  3,  5,  and  ;J  cubic  feet,  which  will  at 


FIG.  27. 

a  speed  of  18  buckets  per  minute  deliver  120,  200, 
and  300  cubic  yards  per  hour,  theoretically;  but  on 
account  of  imperfect  filling  the  practical  delivery  will 
be  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  above  amount. 

It  is  claimed  for  the  Robinson  patent  steel  chain, 
manufactured    by   the    above    company,    that    it    has 


DREDGING.  119 

advantages  over  all  others,  inasmuch  as  the  chain-pins 
are  protected  and  lubricated,  so  that  sand  cannot  cut 
out  the  links  and  pins,  necessitating  their  frequent 
renewal. 

The  chain  and  buckets  are  so  proportioned  that  in 
case  an  obstruction  is  met  which  is  immovable  their 
stoppage  will  stop  the  engine. 

The  engine  is  of  ample  power  to  do  the  work  in 
hard  material,  but  is  purposely  made  the  weakest 
part  of  the  machine,  in  order  to  fix  the  limit  of  the 
maximum  strains  which  can  occur.  If  the  buckets 
were  running  at  full  speed,  with  the  engine-throttle 
wide  open,  at  a  pressure  of  100  pounds  steam,  nothing 
but  the  stoppage  of  the  machinery  would  occur  if  the 
buckets  met  an  obstruction.  The  depths  to  which 
the  buckets  may  work  is  limited  by  the  power  of  the 
engine  and  length  of  the  bucket-ladder.  For  deep 
dredging  the  boat  must  be  arranged  accordingly. 

The  bucket-ladder  is  provided  with  rollers,  upon 
which  the  chains  of  the  buckets  rest  as  they  come  from 
the  river-bed  loaded  with  material.  The  bow  of  the 
dredge  is  provided  with  a  head-frame,  to  which  the 
bucket-ladder  is  attached  and  raised  or  lowered  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  gravel-bed  by  differen- 
tial pulley-blocks  and  chains.  The  bucket-ladder  has 
heavy  sprocket-wheels  at  each  end  to  fit  the  chain, 
the  lower  sprocket  being  moved  by  the  motion  of 


I2O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

the  chain,  the  upper  one  by  attachments  with  the 
engine. 

The  buckets  empty  into  a  hopper.  These  hoppers 
should  be  constructed  so  as  to  catch  all  material 
dumped  from  the  buckets;  if  they  do  not,  an  apron 
should  be  stretched  below  the  hopper  at  an  incline 
pitching  toward  the  washer. 

Washing. — The  buckets  having  delivered  the  ma- 
terial to  the  hopper,  it  passes  from  there  to  a  revolv- 
ing screen.  The  screen  is  of  sufficient  size  to  pass 
stones  as  large  as  the  bucket  can  bring  up — 12  to  24 
inches'  diameter — and  of  supposed  length  to  thor- 
oughly screen  and  wash  the  most  difficult  material. 
A  series  of  streams  of  water  are  introduced  into  the 
interior  of  the  screen  to  wash  the  gravel  as  it  is  tum- 
bled over  and  over.  The  sizes  of  the  openings  in 
the  screens  vary  from  I  to  6  inches,  according  to  the 
material,  so  that  all  material  over  that  size  is  rejected 
after  being  thoroughly  washed,  and  is  then  discharged 
overboard  on  the  inclined  stone-chute. 

This  stone-chute  is  high  enough  and  has  sufficient 
inclination  to  discharge  the  material  clear  of  the  side 
of  the  boat,  so  that  no  obstruction  can  take  place  on 
account  of  the  accumulation  of  tailings.  From  the 
under  side  of  the  screen,  therefore,  a  discharge  of  all 
the  fine  material  takes  place,  including  the  gold, 
together  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  water.  This 


DREDGING.  121 

is  carried  off  and  over  the  stern  of  the  dredge  (after  a 
more  thorough  washing)  through  a  sluice-box  of  the 
proper  size  and  inclination  and  containing  a  series  of 
riffles,  in  which  the  gold  is  caught. 

The  sluice-box  is  extended  out  over  the  stern,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  26,  by  means  of  a  derrick-pole,  and  is 
supposed  to  be  amply  sufficient  both  to  carry  off  the 
tailings  clear  of  the  dredge  and  to  save  all  the  gold. 

The  screen  could  probably  be  improved  upon  as  a 
washer,  but  in  this  instance  the  clay  and  smaller 
material  which  pass  the  screen  are  dropped  into  a 
hopper  below  water-level,  from  which  they  are  drawn 
by  the  suction  of  a  centrifugal  pump.  This  pump 
runs  at  a  speed  which  washes  the  gold  and  gravel  very 
effectually,  at  the  same  time  raising  it  to  the  sluice- 
box  on  the  upper  deck  in  a  liquid  state,  from  which 
it  passes  to  the  dump,  as  described.  The  sluice-boxes 
are  made  of  steel  and  fitted  with  false  bottoms  of 
square  steel  plates.  The  heavier  stones  pass  over 
these  plates,  while  the  gold  and  gravel  fall  between 
them. 

The  cost  of  working  gravel  by  these  machines 
varies  from  4^  to  9  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  Postlethwaite  dredge  (Fig.  230)  is  built  on 
somewhat  different  lines  from  our  illustrations.  It  is 
of  the  bucket  type,  100  feet  long  by  23  feet  wide. 
The  pulp  from  the  screen  is  spread  out  very  thin  on  a 


122  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

wide  table,  the  object  being  to  save  fine  flour-gold. 
The  capacity  of  the  dredge  is  90  cubic  yards  per  hour, 
from  a  depth  of  45  feet.  The  buckets  are  3^  cubic 
feet  capacity,  and  .work  on  a  bucket-ladder  67  feet 
long.  The  actual  horse-power  is  given  at  37,  more 
than  half  of  which  is  employed  in  raising  3000  gallons 


FIG.  28. 


of  water  per  minute.  The  cost  of  handling  material 
is  placed  at  3  to  5  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  use  of  a  double  screen  should  wash  more 
thoroughly,  and  save  considerable  wear  and  tear  on  the 
pump,  also  on  the  sluice-boxes,  thereby  economizing 
in  weight  and  first  cost. 

If  the  first  section  of  screen  pass  sizes  up  to  2 
inches  diameter,  the  second  section  need  not  pass 
sizes  over  £  inch  diameter,  to  the  pump. 

The  second  section  could  be  revolved  in  a  box  con- 


DREDGING.  123 

taining  water,  and  if  made  of  wire  cloth  would  disin- 
tegrate clay  very  quickly.  The  material  which  did  not 
pass  this  screen  could  be  led  in  a  stone-chute  over  the 
edge  of  the  boat.  Considerable  gold  could  be  caught 
in  this  box,  the  remainder  of  the  pulp  carried  to  the 
centrifugal  pump,  and  thence  to  the  sluice.  Experi- 
ence has  demonstrated  that  the  largest  portion  of  the 
gold  is  caught  in  the  first  200  feet  of  a  sluice,  but 
considerable  is  caught  beyond  that,  depending  upon 
the  quality  of  the  gravel  worked,  whether  it  be  clayey 
or  sandy. 

Screens  are  pitched  about  1.5  inches  to  the  foot 
and  revolved  at  the  rate  of  100  feet  per  minute;  the 
amount  of  material  to  be  worked  must  determine  the 
pitch,  but  the  velocity  above  mentioned  should  not  be 
increased,  otherwise  the  stones  will  hold  against  the 
screen  or  bounce  around  until  they  lodge,  causing 
considerable  wear  and  tear,  especially  if  large.  The 
material  should  not  run  more  than  one-third  up  the 
sides  of  the  screen;  if  it  does  so  the  screen  is  revolving 
too  fast.  The  screen  itself  should  be  made  sectional, 
so  that  it  may  be  replaced  where  worn  without  being 
compelled  to  cover  a  whole  new  side.  Boats  are  at 
times  anchored  so  that  the  sluice-boxes  will  discharge 
on  shore,  thus  giving  them  a  longer  run  and  a  better 
chance,  according  to  their  construction,  to  save  the 


124  HYDRAULIC  AND   PLACER    MINING. 

gold.  The  dredge  is  generally  anchored  by  wire  ropes 
running  on  shore,  if  the  river  be  not  too  wide.  These 
ropes  are  wound  up  by  capstans  (manned  or  steam- 
power),  fitted  to  the  deck,  to  move  the  boat  forward 
or  to  one  side,  as  excavation  progresses. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

TRACTION   DREDGES,   OR    DRY   PLACER   MINING 
MACHINES. 

TRACTION  DREDGES  are  for  exploiting  alluvions 
where  little  water  is  available  or  other  existing  con- 
ditions do  not  admit  of  sluicing  or  the  use  of  hydrau- 
lic elevators, 

The  elements  which  compose  these  machines  are : 

a,  The  car. 

b,  The  water-supply. 

c,  The  excavator. 

d,  The  washer. 

a.  The  car,  with  its  machinery,  will  weigh  between 
40  and  70  tons.  The  engines  should  be  so  arranged 
as  to  move  the  car  and  machinery  forward  by  gearing. 
The  car  must  rest  firm  upon  its  trucks  and  have  the 
machinery  which  rests  upon  it  compact  without  crowd- 
ing. It  should  be  so  arranged  that  the  centre  of  grav 
ity  of  all  machines  will  fall  within  the  car  platform, 
and  thus  avoid  jackspuds  and  braces.  With  this  ob- 
ject in  view,  the  plant  may  be  arranged  so  as  to  be 

125 


126  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 

supported  on  four  trucks  which  move  on  double  tracks 
with  1 2 -foot  centres.  This  arrangement  provides  suf- 
ficient floor-space  for  the  machinery. 

The  sills  of  the  car  are  made  of  steel  girders  rein- 
forced and  stiffened  by  wooden  sills,  thus  making  it 
very  strong  and  not  unnecessarily  heavy. 

The  outfit,  consisting  of  boiler,  engines,  water-sup- 
ply pump,  washer,  and  excavator,  is  mounted  upon 
this  one  car,  and  is  self-contained. 

Such  machines,  wherever  possible,  should  be  gauged 
to  run  on  4  feet  8 J  inch  railroad  track ;  otherwise  they 
must  be  transported  in  segments  and  put  together  on 
the  ground. 

In  case  they  are  transported  in  sections,  they  may 
be  made  wider  and  have  more  stable  track  foundation; 
some  machines  of  this  class  having  double  tracks  with 
27-inch  gauge  and  12-foot  centres,  while  others  built 
to  be  transported  on  standard-gauge  tracks  must  have 
jack-arms  and  side-braces,  thoroughly  blocked  to  give 
them  stability.  Again,  it  is  not  once  in  a  thousand 
times  that  a  standard-gauge  placer-mining  machine 
can  be  gotten  to  the  diggings  without  using  as  much 
time  as  is  necessary  to  transport  another  in  sections 
and  place  it  in  running  order,  even  when  capable  of 
moving  itself  over  sectional  rails. 

The  tracks  for  such  machines  must  be  kept  as  near 
bed-rock  as  possible,  and  at  the  same  time  the 


TRACTION   DREDGES.  1 27 

machinery  should  be  kept  level,  to  prevent  undue 
wear  on  the  journals  as  well  as  keep  the  water  in  the 
boiler  in  proper  position.  These  machines  are  said  to 
do  work  on  considerable  incline,  but  they  are  not  built 
for  that  purpose,  and  will  save  money  for  the  operator 
if  kept  level.  The  trouble  with  the  first  machines  of 
this  dry-placer  type  was  that  they  cost  as  much  to 
keep  in  repair  as  the  value  of  the  gold  saved,  and  as 
they  were  discarded,  probably  more. 

b.  Mining   with    dry   placer   machines   will   depend 
upon   the  water-supply.      Beside  a  river-bank  or  near 
some   stream   they  should  work  satisfactorily ;   but  in 
situations  where  water  is  not  abundant  they  must  be 
economical  in  its  use.      If  it  be  required,  85  per  cent, 
of  this  water  may  be  caught  and  used  over  again,  thus 
requiring  but  15  per  cent,  of  the  total  used  to  be  fresh. 

The  water-supply  must  in  all  cases  be  in  quantity 
from  8  to  10  times  the  amount  of  dirt  excavated. 

Thus,  if  one  cubic  yard  of  dirt  be  washed  per  min- 
ute, there  will  be  required  from  1916  to  2020  gallons 
of  water  per  minute;  of  this  amount  1629  to  1717 
gallons  may  be  used  over,  thus  the  actual  quantity 
required  to  be  fresh  is  from  287  to  303  gallons  per 
minute. 

With  first-class  washers  this  amount  should  be  re- 
duced at  least  one-half. 

c.  The  dirt  is  excavated   by  an   ordinary  steam- 


128 


HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER   MINING. 


shovel,   which  is  capable   of  handling  hard-pan   and 
ordinary   hard   material.     The   dipper  of  the    shovel 


works  from  the  arm  of  a  derrick,  so  arranged  in  this 
instance  as  to  have  an  arm  long  enough  to  deliver  the 
material  directly  over  the  hopper  //,  Fig.  29.  This 


TRACTION  DREDGES. 

derrick  with  bucket-arm  is  mounted  upon  a  turntable 
T,  which  turns  by  aid  of  machinery  nearly  140°  to  the 
hopper. 

The  excavator  being  required  to  raise  hard  cemented 
material,  must  combine  strength  and  power.  The 
boom  for  the  bucket-arm  is  made  to  conform  to  the 
depth  of  the  alluvions — for  example,  a  3  5 -foot  boom 
will  raise  material  1 8  to  20  feet  above  the  track  and 
make  a  cut  35  feet  in  width. 

With  the  exceptions  of  the  length  of  arm  and  the 
turn,  the  shovel  differs  very  little  from  the  ordinary 
excavating  type.  Where  the  washing-machinery  is  on 
trucks  at  the  back  or  at  the  side  of  the  shovel,  the 
swing  may  be  half-way  round.  In  some  instances  the 
shovel  is  independent  of  the  washing-machine,  which 
moves  with  its  advance;  at  times  the  latter  is  station- 
ary, the  shovel  only  advancing.  Tram-cars  are  used  to 
haul  the  material  from  the  shovel  to  the  washer  in 
the  latter  instance.  Dippers  of  the  scoop  shape 
should  be  used  ;  clam-shells  will  not  answer.  Dippers 
are  generally  made  to  hold  ij  cubic  yards;  when  rilled 
the  amount  will  not  average  over  I  cubic  yard.  They 
could  probably  make  six  scoops  and  deliver  six  buckets 
into  the  hopper  in  five  minutes,  or  72  cubic  yards 
per  hour;  but  at  this  rate,  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances, the  washer  could  not  handle  the  material, 
consequently  I  cubic  yard  per  minute  should  suffice 


I3O  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

for  calculations.  Where  there  is  plenty  of  water  the 
shovels  can  be  increased  in  size  up  to  2^  cubic  yards, 
but  the  whole  plant  must  necessarily  be  increased  in 
proportion. 

d.  Wherever  the  hopper  for  the  reception  of  the  ex- 
cavated material  projects  beyond  the  side  of  the  car 
it  must  be  strongly  braced  ;  further,  considerable  vibra- 
tion and  strain  is  caused  to  the  structure  by  the  un- 
loading of  a  cubic  yard  of  material  into  such  hopper  at 
once.  Another  disadvantage  with  such  hoppers  is 
that  they  require  for  gravity  fall  too  much  of  the 
height  of  the  machine,  necessitating  the  use  of  power 
in  raising  the  waste  material  to  the  dump  and 
the  pulp  to  the  sluices.  To  avoid  the  strain  from 
side  hoppers,  some  makers  place  the  washing  and 
elevating  apparatus  upon  separate  cars.  It  is  possi- 
ble by  the  use  of  a  wide  platform  and  the  double 
truck  system  mentioned  to  raise  the  washing  ma- 
chinery and  allow  gravity  to  dispose  of  the  coarse, 
medium,  and  fine  material  without  recourse  to  elevat- 
ing machinery  for  that  purpose. 

To  accomplish  this  a  mill  is  built  upon  the  car  and 
the  hopper  placed  for  the  reception  of  excavated  mate- 
rial at  the  top  of  the  mill  and  within  the  centre  of 
gravity  of  the  car. 

To  raise  the  material  to  this  hopper  a  double  in- 
clined track  is  laid  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of 


TRACTION   DREDGES.  131 

the  mill.  Upon  this  track  two  skips  run;  as  the 
loaded  skip  ascends  the  empty  skip  descends.  The 
power  for  raising  the  loaded  skip  is  derived  from  the 
engines  which  work  the  excavator.  The  material  hav- 
ing been  dumped  automatically  into  the  hopper,  it  is 
washed  down  over  coarse  grizzlies  or  screen-bars. 

That  portion  of  the  material  too  coarse  to  pass  the 
bars  goes  directly  to  the  dump  by  gravity ;  that  portion 
which  passes  the  grizzlies  falls  into  the  screen,  where  it 
is  thoroughly  washed  of  fine  material,  which  falls  into 
the  sluices,  while  that  portion  too  coarse  for  the  sluices 
moves  by  gravity  to  the  dump.  This  system  disposes 
of  all  tailings  and  pulp  by  gravity,  thus  making  an 
economical  and  power-saving  system,  by  doing  away 
with  elevator  engines  and  one  pump,  as  well  as  the 
elevating  and  conveying  apparatus. 

The  hoppers  in  dry-placer  mining  should  be  so 
arranged  that  the  material  may  be  washed  from  pipes 
surrounding  the  hopper,  and  through  iron  bars  forming 
the  floor  of  the  hopper.  This  will  allow  the  action  of 
the  screen  to  more  thoroughly  disintegrate  the  ma- 
terial. The  coarse  stuff  remaining  on  the  bars  can  be 
removed  by  mechanism  down  over  a  stone  chute. 
The  screen  should  be  of  two  compartments.  The 
inner  compartment,  being  fed  by  streams  of  water 
which  further  soften  and  wash  the  material,  should 
allow  the  passage  of  all  stuff  up  to  £-inch  diameter 


132 


HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER    MINING. 


into  the  outer-screen  compartment.  This  outer  screen 
should  be  arranged  to  move  in  water,  thus  further 
washing  and  disintegrating  material.  The  pulp  from 
the  washing-hopper  is  drawn  off  by  a  centrifugal 
pump  and  raised  to  the  sluices  containing  the  riffles, 
where  the  gold  is  caught  by  them. 

The  coarse  stuff  from  the  inner  circle  of  the  revolv- 


F;G.  30. 

ing  screen  falls  into  elevators,  as  at  B,  Fig.  30,  and  is 
conveyed  by  them  to  the  dump. 

In  the  illustration  Fig.  30,  which  is  the  Traction 
Dredge  of  the  Bucyrus  Company,  the  hopper  is  sup- 
plied with  water  from  pipe  P,  which  washes  the 
material  down  into  the  screen;  a  second  hopper,  //', 
receives  the  washed  material  containing  the  gold. 
The  pipe  SP,  Fig.  29,  is  the  pipe  for  discharging  the 


TRACTION    DREDGES.  133 

pulp  into  the  sluice-box  from  the  pump.  F  is  the 
A-shaped  head-frame  which  supports  the  bucket- 
ladder  L,  over  which  the  loaded  buckets  travel  from 
the  screen  to  the  coarse-tailings  dump. 

The  sluice-boxes  are  not  shown.  They  may  be  car- 
ried a  considerable  distance  in  this  case  at  times,  but 
if  water  be  scarce  they  should  be  carried  where,  after 
the  material  is  discharged,  the  water  may  drain  into  a 
sump.  With  plenty  of  water  a  one  per  cent  grade  will 
carry  off  the  material  in  the  sluices,  which  are  provided 
with  riffles.  The  first  few  sections  of  sluice-pipe 
should  be  of  light  steel,  so  that  they  may  be  more 
readily  handled  and  made  water-tight. 

The  Chicago  Mining  Machine  has  a  complicated 
screening  arrangement,  and  a  short  riffle-sluice  on  the 
machine  itself.  The  tailings  from  the  riffle-sluice  are 
discharged  upon  the  coarse-tailings  dump.  This  com- 
pany pays  particular  attention  to  washing  the  material 
in  the  revolving  screen,  which  has  in  its  inner  com- 
partment a  spiral  conveyor.  No  pitch  at  all  is  given 
to  the  screen,  the  material  being  moved  forward  by 
the  conveyors. 

The  list  of  machinery  for  such  dry-placer  machines 
comprises  a  boiler  of  the  upright  or  locomotive  type, 
engines  to  work  the  shovel  and  derrick,  engines  to 
run  the  washer  and  conveying  machinery,  pumps  to 
supply  the  water  to  the  washer  and  sluices. 


134  HYDRAULIC   AND    PLACER    MINING. 

The  horse-power  necessary  to  work  the  shovel  is 
furnished  by  a  double  8  X  10  inch  engine,  and  may 
be  rated  at  25  H. P.  To  run  the  elevating  and  wash- 
ing machinery  6x6  inch  double  engines  are  used, 
which  may  be  rated  at  10  H.P.  The  pumps  used  are 
centrifugal,  and  will  require  15  H.P.  for  their  inde- 
pendent engines.  At  times  an  auxiliary  steam-pump 
may  be  required,  and  in  some  instances  it  is  part  of 
the  system  to  use  it  for  pumping  water  to  the  hopper 
and  washer,  leaving  the  centrifugal  pump  to  work  the 
pulp  only.  The  screens,  elevators,  sprockets,  chains, 
rollers,  etc.,  will  vary  in  style  and  make,  according  to 
the  machine-manufacturers'  patterns,  and  are  therefore 
not  described. 

With  machines  rated  at  I  cubic  yard  per  minute  it 
is  safe  to  estimate  that  one  hour  out  of  every  ten  the 
working  of  the  machine  must  be  stopped  for  repairs, 
advancing,  or  other  matters,  which  will  place  the 
average  duty  at  500  cubic  yards  per  day.  The  fuel 
will  generally  be  wood,  at  $4.50  per  cord,  and  two 
cords*  daily,  or  $9,  for  5O-H.P.  engines;  wear  and 
tear,  oil  and  waste,  will  amount  to  3  cents  per  yard, 
or  $15  per  day;  labor  of  5  men,  averaging  $3  per 
day  each,  $15;  making  the  total  expenses  of  running 
such  a  plant,  not  including  quicksilver  lost,  $40,  or 
8  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

This  calculation  does  not  include  the  superintendent 


TRACTION   DREDGES.  135 

and  his  expenses,  or  transporting  the  gold-dust.  The 
latter  two  items  will  amount  to  $10  daily  at  least, 
bringing  the  cost  to  10  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  amount  of  gold  collected  will  depend  upon  the 
machine  construction  and  the  superintendent:  a  poor 
machine  will  not  aid  a  good  superintendent.  Sup- 
pose a  machine  weighs  50  tons,  or  100,000  pounds; 
the  cost  at  the  mine  will  approximate  7  cents  per 
pound,  unless  some  patents  in  connection  with  it 
raise  it  considerably  higher.  Suppose  the  value  of 
the  gravel  is  20  cents  per  cubic  yard,  and  90  per  cent 
of  the  value  is  recovered.  The  profit  under  such  con- 
ditions as  named  would  be  $5000  the  first  year. 

What  has  been  said  previously  regarding  the  thor- 
ough exploration  of  placer-deposits  applies  here. 
The  location  of  the  deposit  with  reference  to  the 
nearest  railroad  station  and  the  condition  of  the  roads 
leading  to  it  for  transporting  machinery  are  matters 
for  consideration;  in  case  it  is  impossible  to  transport 
the  boiler,  power  may  possibly  be  transmitted  by 
electric  wires  from  a  distance. 

Dry-placer  machines,  constructed  to  work  without 
water,  cost  in  wear  as  much  as  they  save;  and 
it  may  be  set  down  as  an  "axiom,"  that  without 
water  they  are  doomed  to  failure,  unless  gold  is  so 
plentiful  it  can  be  sifted  oat  of  the  dirt:  in  the  latter 
instance  a  coal-sieve  will  answer. 


136  HYDRAULIC   AND   PLACER   MINING. 

The  dry-placer  mining-machines, — those  which  use 
water  to  a  limited  extent — are  built  generally  by  reli- 
able concerns  in  the  steam-shovel  business,  but 
several  newcomers  have  lately  taken  up  this  work. 
These  companies  are  not  willing  to  build  such 
machines  for  placer-work  unless  they  are  assured 
beforehand,  by  examination  and  thorough  explora- 
tion of  their  own  or  some  other  reliable  engineer, 
that  the  diggings  are  of  sufficient  value  to  make 
the  enterprise  a  success.  The  Bucyrus  and  Marion 
Steam-shovel  companies  state  this. 

From  the  very  nature  of  placer-mines — that  is,  the 
cemented  state  of  the  gravel — it  follows  that  if  the 
material  can  be  broken  up  before  it  reaches  the  sluices 
or  the  dipper  the  chances  for  gold  recovery  are  im- 
proved. There  are  many  instances  where  the  ground 
is  so  tenacious  or  the  banks  so  high  that  it  is  thought 
advisable  to  run  in  tunnels  and  counters  to  break  it  up 
with  powder. 

The  writer's  experience  with  breaking  down  gravel- 
banks  with  powder  has  not  been  extensive;  what  it 
has  been,  however, 'has  satisfied  him  that  small  blasts 
on  the  edges  of  a  bank  are  more  economical  in  the  use 
of  powder  and  more  effectual  in  breaking  material 
fine.  For  shovel-work,  a  blast  which  merely  jars  the 
surface  and  does  not  throw  out  the  material  will  be 
found  to  be  very  effectual  for  working  easily  in  the 


TRACTION   DREDGES.  137 

dipper,  and  what  is  more  essential,  will  wash  much 
easier.  The  effect  of  the  shot  seems  to  be  that  of 
shattering  the  whole  mass  without  displacement, 
hence  it  is  very  advantageous  where  water  is  scarce  and 
steam-shovels  are  used.  If  the  dipper  delivers  large 
lumps  of  cemented  gravel  of  a  tenacious  character  to 
the  hopper,  considerable  water  must  be  used  to  wash 
it  down  so  fine  that  it  will  disintegrate  readily;  but 
water  in  such  cases  is  an  item,  and  consequently  any 
method  which  will  bring  the  material  to  the  hopper  in 
such  shape  as  to  reduce  its  use  for  such  a  purpose  to  a 
minimum  will  help  the  thorough  washing  and  recovery 
that  much,  and  further  increase  the  capacity  of  the 
machine. 

Small  blasts  are  considered  to  require  more  powder 
than  large  blasts  in  comparison  with  the  proportion 
of  the  ground  they  disturb.  This  is  true  to  a  certain 
extent,  but  the  ground  is  more  thoroughly  shattered 
by  small  blasts  than  by  large  ones,  and  it  is  the 
results  in  detail  which  we  seek;  in  other  words,  the 
quality  rather  than  the  quantity  for  traction-dredgers. 


APPENDIX. 


THE  subject  of  placer-mines  brings  up  the  question, 
How  can  they  be  obtained  ?  If  one  has  to  purchase 
them,  the  demand  will  not  be  great;  if  one  can 
locate  a  claim,  the  subject  becomes  interesting  to  the 
majority  of  gold-seekers.  Information  upon  this 
subject,  which  is  well  known  in  the  mining  States  of 
the  West,  is  entirely  unknown  in  the  East,  except  by 
those  who  make  a  business  of  mining. 

Prior  to  the  Congressional  Act  of  1866  the  owner- 
ship of  mineral  lands  was  retained  by  the  Government. 
The  agitation  for  the  sale  of  such  lands  began  in 
1850,  the  object  being  to  make  them  a  source  of 
revenue.  The  wise  policy  of  leaving  such  lands  open 
for  private  development  prevailed  until  1866,  when 
the  uncertainty  of  titles  demanded  a  change.  Posses- 
sory rights  were  all  that  could  be  conferred  on  mining 
claims,  and  this  could  be  retained  by  working  and  the 
payment  of  a  small  royalty.  The  law  was  merely  a 

139 


140  APPENDIX. 

license  to  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  go  upon 
mineral  lands  of  the  public.  The  Government  owned 
the  land,  but  placed  no  claim  of  ownership  on  minerals 
extracted,  except  so  far  as  license-fees  or  royalty  was 
concerned. 

The  Act  of  May  10,  1872,  allowed  any  person  a 
citizen,  or  one  who  had  declared  his  intentions  to 
become  such,  and  no  others,  to  locate  and  hold  a  min- 
ing claim  1500  feet  long  by  600  feet  wide,  the  claim 
to  be  by  one  person,  1500  linear  feet  along  the  course 
of  the  mineral  vein  or  lode,  subject  to  location;  or  any 
association  of  persons,^  severally  qualified  as  above, 
may  make  joint  location  of  such  claim  of  1500  feet; 
but  in  no  event  could  a  location  of  a  vein  or  lode,  made 
subsequent  to  the  date  mentioned,  exceed  1500  feet 
along  the  course  thereof,  whatever  should  be  the  num- 
ber of  persons  in  the  company.  With  regard  to  the 
extent  of  surface  ground  adjoining  a  lode  or  vein,  and 
claimed  for  the  convenient  working  of  the  same,  it  is 
provided  that  the  lateral  extent  of  location,  made- 
after  May  10,  1872,  shall  in  no  case  exceed  300  feet 
on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface, 
and  that  no  surface  rights  shall  be  limited  by  any 
mining  regulations  to  less  than  25  feet  on  each  side  of 
the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface,  except  where 
adverse  rights,  existing  on  the  loth  of  May,  1872, 
may  render  such  limitations  necessary;  the  end  lines 


APPENDIX.  141 

of  such   claims   to  be  in  all  cases  parallel  with  each 
other. 

Thus  it  may  be  seen  that  no  lode  claim,  located 
after  May  10,  1872,  can  exceed  a  parallelogram 
1500  by  600  feet,  but  whether  surface  ground  of  that 
width  can  be  taken  depends  upon  the  local  or  State 
laws  in  force  in  the  mining  district;  but  no  such  laws 
shall  limit  a  vein  or  lode  claim  to  less  than  1500  feet 
along  its  course,  nor  can  surface  rights  be  limited  to 
less  than  50  feet  in  width,  unless  adverse  claims,  exist- 
ing on  May  10,  1872,  render  such  lateral  limitations 
necessary.  It  is  provided  by  the  Revised  Statutes 
that  miners  of  each  district  may  make  such  rules  and 
regulations  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  the  dis- 
tricts are  situated,  governing  the  location,  manner  of 
recording,  and  amount  of  work  necessary  to  hold  pos- 
session of  a  claim.  In  order  to  hold  a  possessory  right 
to  a  location  made  prior  to  May  10,  1872,  not  less 
than  $100  worth  of  labor  must  be  performed  or  im- 
provements made  thereon  within  one  year  from  the 
date  of  such  location,  and  annually  thereafter;  in 
default  of  which  the  claim  will  be  subject  to  reloca- 
tion by  any  one  else  having  the  necessary  qualifications, 
unless  the  original  locator,  his  heirs,  assigns,  or  legal 
representatives  have  resumed  work  after  such  failure 
and  before  relocation.  The  expenditures  required 


142  APPENDIX. 

upon  such  claims  may  be  made  from  the  surface,  or  m 
running  a  tunnel  for  their  development.  The  Act  of 
February  i  i,  1875,  provided  that  where  a  person  or 
company  has  run  a  tunnel  for  the  purpose  of  develop- 
ing a  lode  or  lodes  the  money  so  expended  shall  be 
considered  as  expended  on  the  said  lodes,  and  the 
owners  shall  not  be  required  to  perform  work  on  the 
surface  to  hold  the  claim.  California  has  recently 
passed  a  new  local  mining  law  which  in  some  respects 
is  better  than  the  former  law,  but  in  others  falls  short 
of  what  is  necessary.  The  two  most  needed  matters 
in  such  State  laws  are: 

What  shall  constitute  a  proper  marking  of  a  claim 
so  as  to  avoid  litigation  ?  The  locator  of  a  claim 
should  therefore  not  neglect  his  corner  pillars,  and 
make  them  as  conspicuous  and  durable  as  possible. 

The  other  matter  referred  to  is,  What  amount  of 
assessment  work  shall  be  done  to  hold  claims,  and 
prevent  persons  from  evading  the  spirit  of  the  United 
States  statute  in  regard  to  assessment  work  ?  The 
locator  of  a  claim  should  familiarize  himself  with  the 
local  laws  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  he  lays 
out  his  claim;  otherwise  it  may  be  "jumped,"  i.e., 
have  some  one  take  it  away  from  him. 

Individual  proof  of  citizenship  may  be  made  by 
affidavit :  if  a  company  unincorporated,  by  the  agent's 
affidavit;  if  a  corporation,  by  filing  a  copy  of  the 


APPENDIX.  143 

charter  or  certificate  of  incorporation  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  State,  County  Recorder,  or  with  the  nearest 
Government  Land  Officer — possibly  better  with  each. 

Locators  against  whom  no  adverse  rights  rested  on 
the  date  of  the  Act  of  1872  shall  have,  on  compliance 
with  general  and  recognized  custom,  the  exclusive 
right  to  possession  and  enjoyment  of  the  surface 
enclosure,  and  of  "  all  veins,  lodes,  and  ledges  which 
lie  under  the  top  or  apex  of  such  lines,  extended 
downwards  vertically,"  even  though  they  in  their 
descent  extend  outside  the  side  lines  of  such  surface 
locations."  (Probably  the  best  expert  on  the  Apex 
Law  is  Dr.  Rossiter  W.  Raymond,*  of  New  York 
City.  He  is  one  of  the  framers  of  the  law  of  1875, 
and  because  of  his  being  at  one  time  at  the  head  of 
the  U.  S.  Government  Survey,  he  is  considered  to  be 
the  best-informed  man  on  the  subject.)  The  rights  to 
such  outside  parts  of  veins  or  ledge  is  confined  to  all 
that  lies  between  "  vertical  planes  drawn  downward," 
as  described,  so  continued  that  these  planes  "  will 
intersect  the  exterior  parts  of  the  said  veins  or  ledges." 
The  surface  of  another  claim  cannot  be  entered  by  the 
locator  or  possessor  of  such  lode  or  vein. 

The  Land  Office  construes  the  word  deposit  to  be 
a  general  term,  embracing  lodes,  ledges,  placers,  and 

*  Law  of  the  Apex.      R.  W.  Raymond.     A.   I.   M.    E.  Transac- 


144  APPENDIX. 

all  other  forms  in  which  valuable  metals  have  been 
discovered.  Whatever  is  recognized  as  mineral  by 
standard  authorities,  where  the  same  is  found  in  qual- 
ity and  quantity  sufficient  to  render  land  sought  to  be 
patented  more  valuable  on  this  account  than  for  the 
purposes  of  agriculture,  is  treated  by  the  Land  Office 
as  coming  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act.  Lands, 
therefore,  valuable  on  account  of  borax,  soda  carbon- 
ate, nitrate  of  soda,  alum,  sulphur,  petroleum,  and 
asphalt  may  be  patented. 

The  first  section  of  the  Act  of  1872  says,  "all  valu- 
able mineral  deposits."  The  sixth  section  uses  the 
term  "  valuable  deposits."  This  latter  section  re- 
quired the  Supreme  Court  to  rule  petroleum  a  min- 
eral deposit.  This  session  of  Congress,  December, 
1897,  was  presented  with  a  bill  drafted  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Ricketts,  a  mining  lawyer  of  San  Francisco,  the  pur- 
pose of  which  was  to  recover  from  railroad  com- 
panies those  lands  for  which  they  received  patents 
which  lands  were  known  to  be  mineral  before  the 
patents  were  issued,  where  they  have  not  passed  into 
the  hands  of  innocent  purchasers.  Such  a  bill  is 
eminently  proper,  and  would  take  away  from  the 
railroad  companies  only  lands  which  they  ought 
never  to  have  received,  and  which  the  California 
Miners'  Association  sought  so  strenuously  to  prevent 


APPENDIX.  145 

their  obtaining.*  "It  is  said  to  be  the  practice 
of  the  railroad  companies,  when  they  receive  patents 
for  lands  to  which  they  know  they  are  not  entitled, 
to  transfer  them  to  some  outside  party  who  claims  to 
be  an  innocent  purchaser."  "  The  miners  generally 
are  determined  that  the  railroad  companies  shall  not 
hold  mining  property  that  never  was  granted  by  Act 
of  Congress." 

The  grant  of  Congress  referred  to  was,  that  certain 
railroads,  because  of  their  being  built,  should  have 
each  alternate  additional  section  for  ten  miles  back  on 
each  side  of  the  roads  as  completed,  but  excludes  all 
minerals  except  iron  and  coal  from  the  grant.  As  fast 
as  the  lands  were  surveyed  the  companies  applied  for 
patents. 

Prospectors  cannot  obtain  claims  on  patented  lands, 
and  consequently  should  keep  off  them.  Mr.  Ricketts* 
proposed  law  defines  the  word  mineral  to  mean 
<*  cinnabar,  copper,  lead,  borax,  asphalt,  petroleum, 
oil,  salt,  and  sulphur. 

Deposits  of  fire-clay  may  be  patented  under  the  Act 
of  1872,  and  so  may  iron-ore  deposits  be  patented  as 
vein  or  placer  claims.  Lands  more  valuable  on 
account  of  deposits  of  limestone,  marble,  kaolin,  and 
mica  than  for  purposes  of  agriculture  may  be  patented 
as  mineral  lands. 

*  Mining  and  Scientific  Press^  Dec.  18,  1897. 


146  APPENDIX. 

The  Act  further  provides  that  no  lode  claim  can  be 
recorded  until  after  the  discovery  of  the  vein  or  lode 
within  the  limits  of  the  ground  claimed.  The  claim- 
ant should  therefore,  prior  to  recording  his  claim, 
unless  he  can  trace  the  vein  on  the  surface,  sink  a 
shaft,  run  a  tunnel  or  drift  to  a  sufficient  depth 
therein  to  discover  and  develop  a  mineral-bearing 
vein,  lode,  or  crevice;  should  determine,  if  possi- 
ble, the  general  course  of  such  vein  in  the  direction 
from  the  point  of  discovery,  in  which  direction  he  will 
be  governed  in  making  the  boundary  of  his  claim  on 
the  surface;  and  he  should  give  the  course  and  direc- 
tion as  nearly  as  practicable  from  the  discovery-shaft 
on  the  claim  to  some  permanent  well-known  points  or 
objects,  such  as,  for  instance,  stone  monuments, 
blazed  trees,  the  confluence  of  streams,  etc.,  which 
may  be  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  and  will  serve  to 
perpetuate  and  fix  the  locus  of  the  claim,  and  render 
it  susceptible  of  identification  from  the  description 
thereon  given  in  the  record  of  location  in  the  district. 
He  should  drive  a  post  or  erect  a  monument  of  stones 
at  each  corner  of  his  surface  ground,  and  at  the  point 
of  discovery  or  discovery-shaft  should  fix  a  post,  stake, 
or  board,  upon  which  should  be  the  name  given  the 
lode,  the  name  of  the  locator,  the  number  of  feet 
claimed,  and  in  what  direction  from  the  point  of  dis- 
covery, it  being  essential  that  the  location  notice  be 


APPENDIX.  147 

filed  for  record.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  the 
description  should  state  whether  the  entire  claim  of 
1500  feet  be  taken  on  one  side  of  the  point  of  dis- 
covery or  whether  it  is  partly  upon  the  other  side, 
and  in  the  latter  case  how  many  feet  are  claimed  upon 
each  side  of  such  discovery-point. 

Parties  locating  lodes  are  entitled  to  all  the  dips, 
spurs,  angles,  variations,  and  ledges  of  the  lode  com- 
ing within  the  surface  ground. 

The  following  diagram  will  aid  the  locator  in  his 
work  (Fig.  31): 


POST  POST  P 

o o o 


LOCATION  STAKE 

N.E. 

DISCOVERY  SHAFT 


O O O 

P  P  p 

FIG.  31. 


MINER'S  FORM  OF  NOTICE. 

I,   John  Doe,  hereby  give  notice  that  I  have  this 

— th    day   of ,    A.D.    1 8 — ,    located    this,    the 

lode.      I  claim   1500  feet  in  and  along  the 

vein,  linear  and  horizontal  measurement.  I  claim 
1 200  feet  along  the  vein  running  in  a  northeasterly 
course  from  the  discovery-shaft,  and  300  feet  running 
along  the  vein  in  a  southwesterly  course  from  the  dis- 


148  APPENDIX. 

covery-shaft.      I  also  claim    150  feet  on  each  side  of 
the  vein  from  centre  of  crevice  as  surface  ground. 

JOHN  DOE,  Locator. 

In  case  there  are  more  than  two  locators,  the  names 
of  the  two  should  be  inserted,  and  the  pronoun  "we" 
where  "I  "  occurs. 

There  may  be  intervening  claims  which  will  lessen 
the  length  or  the  width  of  the  claim.  Within  reason- 
able time  after  the  location  shall  have  been  marked  on 
the  ground,  notice  thereof  accurately  describing  the 
claim  in  manner  aforesaid  should  be  filed  for  record 
with  the  proper  recorder  of  the  district,  who  will 
thereupon  issue  the  usual  certificate  of  location.  Dis- 
trict customs  are  followed  in  this  matter,  and  should 
be  familiarized  by  the  prospector.  These  regulations 
will  require  that  a  location  certificate  be  filed  with  the 
recorder,  in  the  county  in  which  the  lode  is  situated, 
within  a  specified  time  after  its  location. 

FORM    OF   RECORDING    LOCATION. 


STATE  OF 
COUNTY  OF 

Know  all  men  by  these  Presents,  That  I,  John  Doe, 

the  undersigned,  have  this — th  day  of A.D., 

1 8 — ,  located  and  claimed,  and  by  these  presents  do 
locate  and  claim,  by  right  of  discovery  and  location, 
in  compliance  with  the  Mining  Acts  of  Congress, 
approved  May  I9th,  A.D.  1872,  and  all  subsequent 


APPENDIX.  149 

Acts,  and  with  local   custom,   laws,   and   regulations, 
—  feet  linear  and  horizontal  measurement,  on  the 

lode,  along  the  vein  thereof,  with  all  its  dips, 

angles,    and    variations,    together   with   -  feet, 

running from  centre  of  discovery-shaft.      Said 

discovery-shaft    being  situated    upon    said    lode,   and 

within  the  lines  of  said  claim Mining  District, 

County  of  —          — ,  and  State  of  —   ,  and  further 

described  as  follows: 

Beginning*  at  the  location-stake  and  running  in  a 
line  southwesterly  300  feet,  thence  northwesterly  to  a 
post  150  feet. 

Beginning  at  this  post  and  running  a  line  north- 
easterly 1500  feet,  to  a  point  marked  by  post  and  pile 
of  stones;  hence  southeasterly  600  feet  to  a  post 
placed  in  the  ground  and  marked  II;  hence  south- 
westerly 1500  feet  to  a  point  marked  by  post  and  stone 
pile;  and  thence  600  feet  northwesterly  to  the  point 
of  beginning. 

Said  lode  was  located  on  the  — th  day  of , 

A.D.  18 — . 

JOHN  DOE. 
Attest: 

— th  day  of  -        — ,  A.D.  18 — . 

In  order  to  hold  possessory  rights  to  a  claim  of  1500 
feet  of  vein  or  lode  located  as  aforesaid,  the  Act 
requires  that  until  a  patent  shall  have  been  issued 
therefor,  not  less  than  $100  worth  of  labor  shall  have 

*  Explanatory  only.     See  Fig.  31. 


I5O  APPENDIX. 

been  expended  annually,  on  the  basis  adopted  by  the 
local  mining  regulations;  in  default  of  which  labor  or 
improvements  the  claim  will  be  subject  to  relocation 
by  any  other  party  having  the  necessary  qualifications, 
unless  the  original  locator,  his  heirs,  assigns,  or  legal 
representatives  have  resumed  work  thereon  after  such 
failure  and  before  such  relocation. 

The  importance  of  attending  to  these  details  in  the 
matter  of  location,  labor,  and  expenditure  will  be  the 
more  readily  perceived  when  it  is  understood  that 
failure  to  do  so  may  invalidate  the  claim.  After  the 
patent  has  been  granted,  no  more  assessment  work  is 
required. 

Five  dollars  per  day  is  usually  allowed  for  each  day 
of  every  eight  hours'  work  performed  upon  a  mine  for 
the  purpose  of  holding  title  or  performing  the  neces- 
sary amount  of  work  for  the  patent,  and  no  other 
expenses  shall  be  considered  as  expended  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  or  protecting  title. 

PLACER-CLAIMS. 

The  U.  S.  law  prior  to  May  10,  1872,  allowed 
each  person  160  acres  or  a  quarter  section  of  a  square 
mile  of  placer-ground,  if  located.  From  the  above 
date  all  placer-claims  shall  conform  as  nearly  as  prac- 
ticable with  the  United  States  system  of  public  sur- 
veys, and  no  such  location  shall  include  more  than  20 


APPENDIX.  151 

acres  for  each  individual  claimant.  The  provisions  of 
the  law  are  construed  by  the  Commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office  to  mean  that  after  the  Qth  of 
July,  1870,  no  location  of  placer-claim  can  exceed 
1 60  acres,  whatever  may  be  the  number  of  locators 
associated  together,  or  whatever  the  local  regulation 
of  the  district  may  allow;  and  that  from  and  after 
May  10,  1872,  no  location  made  by  an  individual 
can  exceed  20  acres,  and  no  location  made  by  an 
association  of  individuals  can  exceed  160  acres;  which 
location  cannot  be  made  by  a  less  number  than  eight 
bona-fide  locators.  But  whether  as  much  as  20  acres 
can  be  located  by  an  individual,  or  160  acres  by  an 
association,  depends  entirely  upon  the  mining  regula- 
tions in  force  in  the  respective  districts  at  the  date  of 
location;  it  being  held  that  such  mining  regulations 
are  in  no  way  enlarged  by  the  statutes,  but  remain 
intact  in  full  force  with  regard  to  the  size  of  locations, 
in  so  far  as  they  do  not  permit  locations  in  excess  of 
the  limits  fixed  by  Congress.  A  local  regulation  is 
valid  which  provides  that  a  placer-claim,  for  in- 
stance, shall  not  exceed  100  feet  square.  Congress 
requires  no  annual  expenditures  on  placer-claims, 
leaving  them  subject  to  the  local  laws,  rules,  regula- 
tions, and  customs  of  the  mining  district. 

The  California  Law  regarding  Placers. — Section  4, 
Act  of  1897,  reads: 


152  APPENDIX. 

"  The  discoverer  of  placers  or  other  forms  of  de- 
posit, subject  to  location  and  appropriation  under 
mining  laws  applicable  to  placers,  shall  locate  his 
claim  in  the  following  manner: 

[<  First.  He  must  immediately  post,  in  a  conspicuous 
place  at  the  point  of  discovery  thereon,  a  notice  or 
certificate  of  location  thereof,  containing: 

"  a.  The  name  of  the  claim. 

11  b.  The  name  of  the  locator  or  locators. 

"  c.  The  date  of  discovery  and  posting  of  the  notice 
hereinbefore  provided  for,  which  shall  be  considered  as 
the  date  of  location. 

"  d.  A  description  of  the  claim  by  reference  to 
legal  subdivisions  or  sections,  if  the  location  is  made 
in  conformity  with  the  public  surveys;  otherwise,  a 
description  with  reference  to  some  natural  object  or 
permanent  monument  as  will  identify  the  claim ;  and 
where  such  claim  is  located  by  legal  subdivisions  of 
the  public  surveys  such  location  shall,  notwithstanding 
that  fact,  be  marked  by  the  locator  upon  the  ground, 
the  same  as  other  locations. 

11  Second.  Within  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  such 
discovery  he  must  record  such  notice  or  certificate  of 
location  in  the  office  of  the  county  recorder  of  the 
county  in  which  such  discovery  is  made,  and  so  dis- 
tinctly mark  his  location  on  the  ground  that  its 
boundaries  can  be  readily  traced. 


APPENDIX.  153 

"  Third.  Within  sixty  days  from  the  date  of  the 
discovery  the  discoverer  shall  perform  labor  upon  such 
location  or  claim  in  developing  same  to  an  amount 
which  shall  be  equivalent  in  the  aggregate  to  at  least 
ten  dollars'  ($10)  worth  of  such  labor  for  each  twenty 
acres,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  contained  in  such 
location  or  claim. 

"  Fourth.  A  failure  to  perform  such  labor  within 
said  time  shall  cause  all  rights  under  such  location  to 
be  forfeited,  and  the  discovery  thereby  shall  at  once 
be  open  to  location  by  qualified  locators  other  than 
the  preceding  locators,  but  shall  not  in  any  event  be 
open  to  location  by  such  preceding  locators,  and  any 
labor  performed  by  them  thereon  shall  not  inure  to 
the  benefit  of  any  subsequent  locator  thereof. 

"  Fifth.  Such  locator  shall,  upon  the  performance 
of  such  labor,  file  with  the  recorder  of  the  county  an 
affidavit  showing  such  performance,  and  generally  the 
nature  and  kind  of  work  so  done." 

Section  5  of  the  same  act  reads:  "  The  affidavit 
provided  for  in  the  last  section,  and  the  aforesaid 
placer  notice  or  certificate  of  location  when  filed  for 
location,  shall  be  deemed  and  considered  z&prima  facie 
evidence  of  the  facts  therein  recited.  A  copy  of  such 
certificate,  notice,  or  affidavit,  certified  by  the  county 
recorder,  shall  be  admitted  in  evidence  in  all  actions 
or  proceedings  with  the  same  effect  as  the  original." 


APPENDIX 

In  locating  a  claim,  if  the  above  directions  are 
closely  followed,  no  matter  what  the  locality,  the  pros- 
pector will  generally  have  complied  with  the  law. 
However,  it  is  better  to  have  the  local  laws  well  under- 
stood whenever  possible. 

The  United  States  statutes  provide  "water-rights." 

1.  That   as  a  condition  of  sale,  in   the  absence  of 
legislation  by  Congress,  the  legislature  of  a  State  or 
Territory  may  provide  rules  for  working  mines,  involv- 
ing easements,  drainage,    and  other  necessary  condi- 
tions:  these  to  be  expressed  in  the  patent. 

2.  All  prior  rights,  arising  from   possession,  in  the 
use  of  water,  and  recognized  by  local  laws,   etc.,   or 
judicial   decisions,   shall   be  regarded   as  vested,   and 
shall  be  protected.      This  right  of  way  is  also  granted 
and   confirmed.       Damages   are   to  accrue   if  a   land- 
settlers'  rights  are  interfered  with. 

3.  All  land  patents  shall  be  subject  to  vested  and 
accrued  water-rights,  including  ditches  and  reservoirs. 
Officers  of  the  U.  S.  Land  Office  are  required  to  file 
with  the  General  Land   Office  the  local  laws  on  such 
matters.      Water  privileges  are,  since  the  Act  of  May 
10,   1872,  located  in  the  same  manner  as  mines,  sub- 
ject to  local  regulations,  i.e.,  by  definitely  locating  the 
five  acres  by  monuments,  and  recording  with  the  district 
or  county  recorder.      If  the  local  rules  and  decisions 
of  courts  make  the  privilege  forfeitable  for  non-use, 


APPENDIX.  155 

another  party  may  come  in  and  claim  the  water-right. 
The  Federal  courts  have  decided  that  the  right  of  way 
to  construct  flumes  or  ditches  over  public  lands  is 
unquestionable.  It  has  also  been  decided  that  the 
miner's  right  to  water,  within  "  reasonable  limits,"  is 
not  to  be  questioned.  !<  It  must  be  exercised,  how- 
ever, with  due  regard  to  the  general  condition  and 
needs  of  the  community,  and  cannot  vest  as  an  indi- 
vidual monopoly." 

MILL-SITES. 

Land,  non-mineral  in  character,  and  not  contiguous 
to  the  vein  or  lode,  used  by  the  locator  and  proprietor 
for  mining  or  milling  purposes,  can  be  included  in  any 
application  for  patent,  to  an  extent  not  to  exceed  five 
acres,  and  subject  to  examination  and  payment  as 
fixed  for  the  superficies  of  the  lode.  The  owner  of  a 
quartz-mill  or  reduction-mill,  not  a  mine  owner  in 
connection  therewith,  may  also  receive  a  mill-site 
patent.  Such  sites  are  located  under  the  mining  act, 
and  in  compliance  with  local  law  and  customs  as 
recognized.  Such  possessory  rights  give  title  also  to 
all  growing  timber  thereon.  There  must  in  every 
case  be  given  satisfactory  proof  of  the  non-mineral 
character  of  the  site,  and  the  improvements  thereon 
must  be  equal  to  $500.  A  mill  passes  to  a  railroad  if 
located  on  railroad  land-grant. 


THE    MINING    REGULATIONS    FOR   THE 
CANADIAN    YUKON. 

We  give  below,  substantially  in  full,  the  new  regu- 
lations governing  placer  mining  and  dredging  in  the 
provisional  district  of  the  Yukon,  as  approved  by 
Order  in  Council  dated  Ottawa,  January  18,  1898. 
These  regulations  constitute  the  mining  law  under 
which  all  operations  must  be  conducted  in  that  por- 
tion of  the  Yukon  region  which  is  in  Canadian  terri- 
tory; and  the  Dominion  Government  is  making 
provisions  for  their  strict  enforcement.  The  regula- 
tions are  as  follows: 

INTERPRETATION. 

"  Free  Miner"  shall  mean  a  male  or  female  over 
the  age  of  18,  but  not  under  that  age,  or  joint-stock 
company,  named  in,  and  lawfully  possessed  of,  a  valid 
existing  free  miner's  certificate,  and  no  other. 

"  Legal  Post  "  shall  mean  a  stake  standing  not  less 
than  4  ft.  above  the  ground  and  flatted  on  two  sides 
for  at  least  I  ft.  from  the  top.  Both  sides  so  flatted 

shall  measure  at  least  4  in.  across  the  face.      It  shall 

156 


APPENDIX.  157 

also  mean  any  stump  or  tree  cut  off  and  flatted  or 
faced  to  the  above  height  and  size. 

"  Close  Season  "  shall  mean  the  period  of  the  year 
during  which  placer  mining  is  generally  suspended. 
The  period  to  be  fixed  by  the  mining  recorder  in 
whose  district  the  claim  is  situated. 

"Mineral"  shall  include  all  minerals  whatsoever 
other  than  coal. 

"  Joint-stock  Company  "  shall  mean  any  company 
incorporated  for  mining  purposes  under  a  Canadian 
charter  or  licensed  by  the  Government  of  Canada. 

"Mining  Recorder"  shall  mean  the  official  ap- 
pointed by  the  gold  commissioner  to  record  applica- 
tions and  grant  entries  for  claims  in  the  mining 
divisions  into  which  the  commissioner  may  divide  the 
Yukon  District. 

FREE    MINERS   AND   THEIR   PRIVILEGES. 

I.  Every  person  over  but  not  under  18  years  of 
age,  and  every  joint-stock  company,  shall  be  entitled 
to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  free  miner,  under 
these  regulations  and  under  the  regulations  governing 
quartz  mining,  and  shall  be  considered  a  free  miner 
upon  taking  out  a  free-miner's  certificate.  A  free 
miner's  certificate  issued  to  a  joint-stock  company 
shall  be  issued  in  its  corporate  name,  A  free-miner's 
certificate  shall  not  be  transferable. 


158  APPENDIX. 

2.  A  free-miner's  certificate  may  be  granted  for  one 
year  to  run  from  the  date  thereof  or  from  the  expira- 
tion of  the  applicant's  then  existing  certificate,  upon 
the  payment  therefor  of  the  sum  of  $10,  unless  the 
certificate   is   to   be   issued  in  favor  of  a  joint-stock 
company,   in  which  case  the  fee  shall  be  $50  for  a 
company  having  a  nominal  captial  of  $100,000  or  less, 
and  for  a  company  having  a  nominal  capital  exceeding 
$100,000,  the  fee  shall  be  $100.      Only  one  person  or 
joint-stock  company  shall  be  named  in  a  certificate. 

3.  Gives  form  of  miner's  certificate,  and  adds:  This 
certificate  shall  also  grant  to  the  holder  thereof  the 
privileges  of  fishing  and  shooting,  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  any  act  which  has  been  passed,  or  which 
may  hereafter  be  passed,  for  the  protection  of  game 
and   fish;    also   the    privilege    of   cutting   timber    for 
actual  necessities,  for  building  houses,  boats,  and  for 
general  mining  operations;   such  timber,  however,  to 
be  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  miner  himself,  but  such 
permission   shall    not   extend    to   timber   which   may 
have    been    heretofore    or    which    may    hereafter    be 
granted  to  other  persons  or  corporations. 

4.  Free-miner's   certificates    may   be    obtained    by 
applicants  in  person  at  the  Department  of  the  Interior, 
Ottawa,  or  from   the  agents  of  Dominion   Lands  at 
Winnipeg,     Manitoba;    Calgary,     Edmonton,    Prince 
Albert,  in  the  Northwest  Territories;    Kamloops  and 


APPENDIX.  159 

New  Westminster,  in  the  Province  of  British  Colum- 
bia; at  Dawion  City  in  the  Yukon  District;  also  from 
agents  of  the  Government  at  Vancouver  and  Victoria, 
B.  C.,  and  at  other  places  which  may  from  time  to 
time  be  named  by  the  Minister  of  the  Interior. 

5.  If  any  person  or  joint-stock  company  shall  apply 
for  a  free-miner's  certificate  at  the  agent's  office  dur- 
ing his  absence,  and  shall  leave  the  fee  required  by 
these  regulations,  with  the  officer  or  other  person  in 
charge  of  said  office,  he  or  it  shall  be  entitled  to  have 
such  certificate  from  the  date  of  such  application;  and 
any  free  miner  shall  at  any  time  be  entitled  to  obtain 
a  free-miner's  certificate  commencing  to  run  from  the 
expiration  of  his  then  existing  free-miner's  certificate, 
provided  that  when  he  applies  for  such  certificate  he 
shall  produce  to  the  agent,  or  in  case  of  his  absence 
shall  leave  with  the  officer  or  other  person  in  charge 
of  the  agent's  office,  such  existing  certificate. 

6.  If  any  free-miner's  certificate  be  accidentally 
destroyed  or  lost,  the  owner  thereof  may,  on  payment 
of  a  fee  of  $2,  have  a  true  copy  of  it,  signed  by  the 
agent,  or  other  person  by  whom  or  out  of  whose  office 
the  original  was  issued.  Every  such  copy  shall  be 
marked  "  Substituted  Certificate";  and  unless  some 
material  irregularity  be  shown  in  respect  thereof, 
every  original  or  substitufed  free-miner's  certificate 
shall  be  evidence  of  all  matters  therein  contained. 


l6o  APPENDIX. 

7.  No  person  or  joint-stock  company  will  be  recog- 
nized as  having  any  right  or  interest  in  or  to  any 
placer  claim,  quartz  claim,  mining  lease,  bed-rock 
flume  grant,  or  any  minerals  in  any  ground  comprised 
therein,  or  in  or  to  any  water-right,  mining  ditch, 
drain,  tunnel,  or  flume,  unless  he  or  it  anJ  every  per- 
son in  his  or  its  employment  shall  have  a  free-miner's 
certificate  unexpired.  And  on  the  expiration  of  a 
free-miner's  certificate  the  owner  thereof  shall  abso- 
lutely forfeit  all  his  rights  and  interest  in  or  to  any 
placer  claim,  mining  lease,  bed-rock  flume  grant,  and 
any  minerals  in  any  ground  comprised  therein,  and  in 
or  to  any  and  every  water-right,  mining  ditch,  drain, 
tunnel,  or  flume,  which  may  be  held  or  claimed  by 
such  owner  of  such  expired  free-miner's  certificate, 
unless  such  owner  shall,  on  or  before  the  day  follow- 
ing the  expiration  of  such  certificate,  obtain  a  new 
free-miner's  certificate.  Provided,  nevertheless,  that 
should  any  co-owner  fail  to  keep  up  his  free-miner's 
certificate  such  failure  shall  not  cause  a  forfeiture  or 
act  as  an  abandonment  of  the  claim,  but  the  interest 
of  the  co-owner  who  shall  fail  to  keep  up  his  free- 
miner's  certificate  shall,  ipso  facto,  be  and  become 
vested  in  his  co-owners,  pro  rata  according  to  their 
former  interests;  provided,  nevertheless,  that  a  share- 
holder in  a  joint-stock  company  need  not  be  a  free 
miner,  and,  though  not  a  free  miner,  shall  be  en- 


APPENDIX.  '  l6l 

titled   to    buy,    sell,    hold,    or  dispose  of    any  shares 
therein. 

8.  Every  free  miner  shall,  during  the  continuance 
of  his  certificate,   but  not  longer,   have  the  right  to 
enter,  locate,  prospect,  and  mine  for  gold  and  other 
minerals    upon    any    lands     in     the    Yukon    District, 
whether   vested   in   the  Crown   or   otherwise,   except 
upon    Government   reservations   for   town  sites,   land 
which  is  occupied  by  any  building,  and  any  land  fall- 
ing within  the  curtilage  of  any  dwelling-house,  and 
any  land  lawfully  occupied  for  placer-mining  purposes, 
and  also  Indian  reservations. 

9.  Previous  to  any  entry  being  made  upon  lands 
lawfully  occupied,  such  free  miner  shall  give  adequate 
security,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  mining  recorder, 
for  any  loss  or  damage  which  may  be  caused  by  such 
entry;  and  after  such  entry  he  shall   make  full  com- 
pensation to  the  occupant  or  owner  of  such  lands  for 
any  loss  or  damage  which  may  be  caused  by  reason  of 
such  entry;  such  compensation,  in  case  of  dispute,  to 
be  determined  by  a  court  having  jurisdiction  in  min- 
ing disputes,  with  or  without  a  jury. 

NATURE   AND    SIZE    OF    CLAIMS. 

10.  A  creek  or  gulch  claim  shall  be  250  ft.  long 
measured   in   the   general   direction   of   the   creek   or 
gulch.      The  boundaries  of  the  claim  which  run  in  the 


1 62 


APPENDIX. 


generai  direction  of  the  creek  or  gulch  shall  be  lines 
along  bed  or  rim  rock  3  ft.  higher  than  the  rim  or 
edge  of  the  creek,  or  the  lowest  general  level  of  the 
gulch  within  the  claim,  so  drawn  or  marked  as  to  be 
at  every  point  3  ft.  above  the  rim  or  edge  of  the 
creek  or  the  lowest  general  level  of  the  gulch,  opposite 


Post 


r 


No.  i.— PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  CREEK  AND  GULCH  CLAIMS. 

to  it  at  right  angles  to  the  general  direction  of  the 
claim  for  its  length,  but  such  boundaries  shall  not  in 
any  case  exceed  1000  ft.  on  each  side  of  the  centre  of 
the  stream  or  gulch.  (See  Diagram  No.  i.) 


APPENDIX. 


I63 


II.  If  the  boundaries  be  less  than  100  ft.  apart 
horizontally,  they  shall  be  lines  traced  along  bed  or 
rim  rock  100  ft.  apart  horizontally,  following  as  nearly 


v 


100  feet 


No.  2. — SIDE  BOUNDARIES  LESS  THAN  100  FT.  APART. 

as  practicable  the  direction  of  the  valley  for  the  length 
of  the  valley  for  the  length  of  the  claim.  (See  Dia- 
gram No.  2.) 

12.  A  river  claim  shall  be  situated  only  on  one  side 
of  the  river  and  shall  not  exceed  250  ft.  in  length, 
measured  in  the  general  direction  of  the  river.  The 
other  boundary  of  the  claim  which  runs  in  the  general 
direction  of  the  river  shall  be  lines  along  bed  or  rim 


No.  3.— SECTION  OF  RIVER  CLAIM. 

rock  3  ft.  higher  than  the  rim  or  edge  of  the  river 
within  the  claim  so  drawn  or  marked  as  to  be  at  every 


164 


APPENDIX. 


point  3  ft.  above  the  rim  or  edge  of  the  river  opposite 
to  it  at  right  angles  to  the  general  direction  of  the 
claim  for  its  length,  but  such  boundaries  shall  not  in 
any  case  be  less  than  250  ft.  or  exceed  a  distance  of 
1000  ft.  from  low-water  mark  of  the  river.  (See 
Diagram  No.  3.) 

13.  A   "  hill   claim"    shall  not   exceed  250   ft.   in 
length,  drawn  parallel  to   the  main   direction   of  the 
stream  or  ravine  on  which  it  fronts.      Parallel  lines 
drawn   from   each   end   of   the   base    at    right   angles 
thereto,  and  running  to  the  summit  of  the  hill  (pro- 
vided the   distance  does  not   exceed    1000   ft.),  shall 
constitute  the  end  boundaries  of  the  claim. 

14.  All  other  placer  claims  shall  be  250  ft.  square. 

15.  Every  placer  claim  shall  be  as  nearly  as  possi- 
ble  rectangular   in    form,    and   marked   by   two   legal 
posts  firmly  fixed  in  the  ground  in  the  manner  shown 
in  Diagram  No.  4.      The  line  between  the  two  po=ts 


Post  / 

-mj- 

/n 


8,  ««. 


Post 


Post 


Post 


No.  4. — STAKING  CREEK  AND  RIVER  CLAIMS. 

shall  be  well  cut  out  so  that    one  post  may,    if  the 
nature  of  the  surface  will  permit,  be  seen  from  the 


APPENDIX.  165 

other.  The  flatted  side  of  each  post  shall  face  the 
claim,  and  on  each  post  shall  be  written  on  the  side 
facing  the  claim,  a  legible  notice  stating  the  name  or 
number  of  the  claim,  or  both  if  possible,  its  length  in 
feet,  the  date  when  staked,  and  the  full  Christian  and 
surname  of  the  locator. 

16.  Every  alternate  10  claims  shall  be  reserved  for 
the  Government  of  Canada.     That  is  to  say,  when  a 
claim    is  located   the  discoverer's  claim   and  9  addi- 
tional claims  adjoining  each  other  and  numbered  con- 
secutively will  be  open  for  registration.     Then   the 
next  10  claims  of  250  ft.  each  will  be  reserved  for  the 
Government,    and    so    on.      The    alternate  group    of 
claims  reserved  for  the  Crown  shall  be  disposed  of  in 
such  manner  as  may  be  decided  by  the  Minister  of 
the  Interior. 

17.  The    penalty    for    trespassing    upon    a    claim 
reserved  for  the  Crown  shall  be  immediate  cancellation 
by  the  mining  recorder  of  any  entry  or  entries  which 
the  person  trespassing  may  have  obtained,  whether  by 
original  entry  or  purchase,  for  a  mining  claim,   and 
the  refusal  by  the  mining  recorder  of  the  acceptance 
of  any  application  which  the  person  trespassing  may 
at  any  time  make  for  a  claim.      In  addition  to  such 
penalty,  the  mounted   police,  upon  a  requisition  from 
the   mining    recorder  to   that   effect,    shall    take    the 
necessary  steps  to  eject  the  trespasser. 


1 66  APPENDIX. 

1 8.  In  defining  the   size  of  claims,   they  shall  be 
measured  horizontally  irrespective  of  inequalities  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground. 

19.  If  any  free  miner  or  party  of  free  miners  dis- 
cover a  new  mine,  and  such  discovery  shall  be  estab- 
lished   to    the    satisfaction    of    the    mining    recorder, 
creek,  river,  or  hill,  claims  of  the  following  size  shall 
be  allowed,    namely :  To  one  discoverer,   one  claim, 
500  ft.   in   length.      To  a  party  of    two   discoverers, 
two  claims,  amounting  together  to  1000  ft.  in  length. 
To  each  member  of  a  party  beyond  two  in  number,  a 
claim  of  the  ordinary  size  only. 

20.  A   new  stratum   of  auriferous  earth   or  gravel 
situated   in   a   locality   where    the   claims   have   been 
abandoned  .shall  for  this  purpose  be  deemed  a  new 
mine,  although  the  same  locality  shall  have  been  pre- 
viously worked  at  a  different  level. 

21.  The  forms  of  application  for  a  grant  for  placer 
mining,   and   the  grant  of  the    same,   shall  be  those 
contained  in  forms  H  and  I  in  the  schedule  hereto. 

22.  A    claim   shall   be    recorded   with    the   mining 
recorder  in  whose  district  it  is  situated,  within  10  days 
after  the  location  thereof,  if  it   is  located  within    10 
miles  of  the  mining-recorder's  office.     One  extra  day 
shall  be  allowed  for  every  additional  10  miles  or  frac- 
tion thereof. 

23.  In  the  event  of  the  claim  being  more  than  100 


APPENDIX.  167 

miles  from  a  recorder's  office,  and  situated  where 
other  claims  are  being  located,  the  free  miners,  not 
less  than  five  in  number,  are  authorized  to  meet  and 
appoint  one  of  their  number  a  **  Free-miners'  Re- 
corder," who  shall  act  in  that  capacity  until  a  mining 
recorder  is  appointed  by  the  gold  commissioner. 

24.  The  free-miners'  recorder  shall,  at  the  earliest 
possible  date  after  his  appointment,  notify  the  nearest 
Government  mining  recorder  thereof,  and  upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Government  mining  recorder  he  shall 
deliver  to  him  his  records  and  the  fees  received  for 
recording  the  claims.     The  Government  mining  re- 
corder shall  then  grant  to  each  free  miner  whose  name 
appears  in  the  records  an  entry  for  his  claim  on  form 
I   of  these  regulations,    provided   an   application   has 
been  made  by  him  in  accordance  with  form  H  thereof. 
The   entry   to   date   from   the   time   the  free-miners' 
recorder  recorded  the  application. 

25.  If  the  free-miners'   recorder  fails  within  three 
months    to    notify   the    nearest    Government    mining 
recorder  of  his  appointment,  the  claims  which  he  may 
have  recorded  will  be  cancelled. 

26.  During  the  absence  of  the  mining  recorder  from 
his  office,  the  entry  for  a  claim  may  be  granted  by 
any   person   whom   he   may  appoint  to   perform   his 
duties  in  his  absence. 

27.  Entry  shall  not  be  granted  for  a  claim  which 


1 68  APPENDIX. 

has  not  been  staked  by  the  applicant  in  person  in  the 
manner  specified  in  these  regulations.  An  affidavit 
that  the  claim  was  staked  out  by  the  applicant  shall 
be  embodied  in  form  H  in  the  schedule  hereto. 

28.  An  entry  fee  of  $15  shall  be  charged  the  first 
year,  and  an  annual  fee  of  $15  for  each  of  the  follow- 
ing years.      This  provision  shall  apply  to  claims  for 
which  entries  have  already  been  granted. 

29.  A   statement  of  the  entries   granted  and   fees 
collected  shall  be  rendered  by  the  mining  recorder  to 
the  gold  commissioner  at  least  every  three  months, 
which  shall  be  accompanied  by  the  amount  collected. 

30.  A  royalty  of   10  per  cent  on  the  gold  mined 
shall  be  levied  and  collected  on   the  gross  output  of 
each   claim.      The   royalty  may   be   paid    at   banking 
offices  to   be   established   under  the   auspices   of   the 
Government  of  Canada,  or  to  the  gold  commissioner, 
or  to  any  mining  recorder  authorized  by  him.      The 
sum  of  $2500  shall  be  deducted  from  the  gross  annual 
output  of  a  claim  when  estimating  the  amount  upon 
which  royalty  is  to  be  calculated,  but  this  exemption 
shall  not  be  allowed   unless  the  royalty  is  paid  at  a 
banking  office  or  to  the  gold  commissioner  or  mining 
recorder.     When   the  royalty   is   paid   monthly  or  at 
longer  periods,  the  deduction  shall  be  made  ratable 
on  the  basis  of  $2500  per  annum  for  the  claim.      If 
not  paid  to  the  bank,  gold  commissioner,  or  mining 


APPENDIX.  169 

recorder,  it  shall  be  collected  by  the  custom  officials 
or  police  officers  when  the  miner  passes  the  posts 
established  at  the  boundary  of  a  district.  Such 
royalty  to  form  part  of  the  consolidated  revenue,  and 
to  be  accounted  for  by  the  officers  who  collect  the 
same  in  due  course.  The  time  and  manner  in  which 
such  royalty  shall  be  collected  shall  be  provided  for 
by  regulations  to  be  made  by  the  gold  commissioner. 

31.  Default  in  payment  of  such  royalty,  if  continued 
for  10  days  after  notice  has  been  posted  on  the  claim 
in  respect  of  which  it  is  demanded,  or  in  the  vicinity 
of  such  claim,  by  the  gold  commissioner  or  his  agent, 
shall  be  followed  by  cancellation  of  the  claim.     Any 
attempt   to   defraud   the   Crown   by   withholding  any 
part  of  the  revenue  thus  provided  for,  by  making  false 
statements  of  the  amount  taken  out,  shall  be  punished 
by  cancellation  of  the  claim  in  respect  of  which  fraud 
or  false   statements  have  been  committed  or  made. 
In  respect  to  the  facts  as  to  such  fraud  or  false  state- 
ments or  non-payment  of  royalty,  the  decision  of  the 
gold  commissioner  shall  be  final. 

32.  After  the  recording  of  a  claim  the  removal  of 
any  post  by  the  holder  thereof  or  by  any  person  act- 
ing  in  his   behalf,   for  the   purpose   of   changing  the 
boundaries  of  his  claim,  shall  act  as  a  forfeiture  of  the 
claim. 

33.  The  entry  of  every  holder  of  a  grant  for  placer 


1 70  APPENDIX. 

mining  must  be  renewed  and  his  receipt  relinquished 
and  replaced  every  year,  the  entry  fee  being  paid 
each  time. 

34.  The  holder  of  a  creek,   gulch,   or  river  claim 
may,    within   60    days   after    staking   out   the   claim, 
obtain  an  entry  for  a  hill  claim  adjoining  it,  by  paying 
to  the  mining  recorder  the  sum  of  $100.     This  per- 
mission shall  also  be  given  to  the  holder  of  a  creek, 
gulch,   or  river  claim  obtained   under  former  regula- 
tions, provided  that  the  hill  claim  is  available  at  the 
time  an  application  is  made  therefor. 

35.  No  miner  shall   receive  a  grant  of  more  than 
one  mining  claim  in  a  mining  district,  the  boundaries 
of  which  shall  be  defined  by  the  mining  recorder,  but 
the  same  miner  may  also  hold  a  hill  claim,  acquired 
by  him   under  these  regulations  in  connection  with  a 
creek,  gulch,  or  river  claim,  and  any  number  of  claims 
by  purchase;  and  any  number  of  miners  may  unite  to 
work  their  claims  in  common,   upon  such    terms    as 
they  may  arrange,  provided  such  agreement  is  regis- 
tered with  the  mining  recorder  and  a  fee  of  $5  paid 
for  each  registration. 

36.  Any  free  miner  or  miners  may  sell,  mortgage, 
or  dispose  of  his  or  their  claims,  provided  such  dis- 
posal be  registered  with,  and  a  fee  of  $2  paid  to,  the 
mining     recorder,     who    shall    thereupon    give     the 


APPENDIX.  I^I 

assignee  a  certificate  in  the  form  J  in  the  schedule 
hereto. 

37.  Every  free  miner  shall  during  the  continuance 
of  his  grant  have  the  exclusive  right  of  entry  upon  his 
own  claim  for  the  mine-like  working  thereof,  and  the 
construction    of    a    residence    thereon,    and    shall    be 
entitled  exclusively  to  all  the  proceeds  realized  there- 
from, upon  which,  however,  the  royalty  prescribed  by 
these  regulations  shall  be  payable;  provided  that  the 
mining  recorder  may  grant  to  the  holders  of  other 
claims   such   right   of   entry  thereon  as  may  be  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  the  working  of  their  claims,  upon 
such  terms  as  may  to  him  seem  reasonable.      He  may 
also  grant  permits  to  miners  to  cut  timber  thereon  for 
their  own  use. 

38.  Every  free  miner  shall  be  entitled  to  the  use  of 
so  much  of  the  water  naturally  flowing  through   or 
past  his  claim,  and  not  already  lawfully  appropriated, 
as  shall,    in  the  opinion  of  the  mining  recorder,   be 
necessary  for  the  due  working  thereof,  and  shall  be 
entitled  to  drain  his  own  claim  free  of  charge. 

39.  A  claim  shall  be  deemed  to  be  abandoned  and 
open  to  occupation  and  entry  by  any  person  when  the 
same  shall  have  remained  unworked  on  working  days, 
excepting   during   the   close   season,    by   the   grantee 
thereof  or  by  some  person  on  his  behalf  for  the  space 
of  72  hours,  unless  sickness  or  other  reasonable  cause 


172  APPENDIX. 

be  shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  mining  recorder, 
or  unless  the  grantee  is  absent  on  leave  given  by  the 
mining  recorder,  and  the  mining  recorder,  upon 
obtaining  evidence  satisfactory  to  himself  that  this 
provision  is  not  being  complied  with,  may  cancel  the 
entry  given  for  a  claim. 

40.  If  any  cases  arise  for  which  no  provision  is  made 
in  these  regulations,  the  provisions  of  the  regulations 
governing  the  disposal  of  mineral  lands  other  than 
coal  lands,  approved  by  His  Excellency  the  Governor 
in  Council  on  November  9,  1889,  or  such  other  regu- 
lations as  may  be  substituted  therefor,  shall  apply. 
(Appended  to  Section  40  are  the  forms  for  applica- 
tions, certificates,  etc.,  referred  to  in  the  text.) 

REGULATIONS  GOVERNING   RIVER-BED  DREDGING  FOR 

GOLD. 

The  following  are  the  regulations  for  the  issues  of 
leases  to  persons  or  companies  who  have  obtained  a 
free-miner's  certificate  in  accordance  with  the  provi- 
sions of  the  regulations  governing  placer  mining  in  the 
Provisional  District  of  Yukon,  to  dredge  for  minerals 
other  than  coal  in  the  submerged  beds  or  bars  of 
rivers  in  the  Provisional  District  of  Yukon,  in  the 
Northwest  Territories: 

I.  The  lessee  shall  be  given  the  exclusive  right  to 


APPENDIX.  1/3 

subaqueous  mining  and  dredging  for  all  minerals  with 
the  exception  of  coal  in  and  along  an  unbroken  extent 
of  five  miles  of  a  river  following  its  sinuosities,  to  be 
measured  down  the  middle  thereof,  and  to  be 
described  by  the  lessee  in  such  manner  as  to  be  easily 
traced  on  the  ground;  and  although  the  lessee  may 
also  obtain  as  many  as  five  other  leases,  each  for  an 
unbroken  extent  of  five  mi-les  of  a  river,  so  measured 
and  described,  no  more  than  six  such  leases  will  be 
issued  in  favor  of  an  individual  or  company,  so  that 
the  maximum  extent  of  river  in  and  along  which  any 
individual  or  company  shall  be  given  the  exclusive 
right  above  mentioned,  shall  under  no  circumstances 
exceed  30  miles.  The  lease  shall  provide  for  the 
survey  of  the  leasehold  under  instructions  from  the 
Surveyor  General,  and  for  the  filing  of  the  returns  of 
survey  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior  within  one 
year  from  the  date  of  the  lease. 

2.  The  lease  shall  be  for  a  term  of  20  years,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  all  rights  vested  in,  or  which  may 
be  claimed  by  the  lessee  under  his  lease,  are  to  cease 
and  determine.      The  lease  may  be  renewable,  how- 
ever, from  time  to  time  thereafter  in  the  discretion  of 
the  Minister  of  the  Interior. 

3.  The  lessee's  right  of  mining  and  dredging  shall 
be  confined  to  the  submerged  beds  or  bars  in  the  river 
below  low-water  mark,  that  boundary  to  be  fixed  by 


1/4  APPENDIX. 

its  position  on  the  first  day  of  August  in  the  year  of 
the  date  of  the  lease. 

4.  The  lease  shall   be  subject  to   the  rights  of  all 
persons  who  have  received  or  who  may  receive  entries 
for  claims  under  the  Placer-mining  Regulations. 

5.  The   lessee   shall   have   at   least   one   dredge   in 
operation  upon  the  five  miles  of  river  leased  to  him, 
within  two  seasons  from  the  date  of  his  lease,  and  if, 
during  one  season  when  operations  can  be  carried  on, 
he  fails  to  efficiently  work  the  same  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  the  lease  shall  become 
null  and  void  unless  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  shall 
otherwise  decide.      Provided  that  when  any  company 
or  individual  has  obtained  more  than  one  lease,  one 
dredge  for  each    15  miles  or  portion   thereof  shall  be 
held  to  be  compliance  with  this  regulation. 

6.  The  lessee  shall  pay  a  rental  of  $100  per  annum 
for  each  mile  of  river  so  leased  to  him.      The  lessee 
shall  also  pay  to  the  Crown  a  royalty  of   10  per  cent 
on   the   output    in    excess  of  $15,000,   as   shown    by 
sworn   returns  to  be  furnished  monthly  by  the  lessee 
to    the    gold    commissioner    during    the    period    that 
dredging  operations  are  being  carried  on  ;  such  royalty, 
if  any,  to  be  paid  with  each  return. 

7.  The  lessee  who  is  the  holder  of  more  than  one 
lease  shall  be  entitled  to  the  exemption  as  to  royalty 
provided  for  by  the  next  preceding  regulation  to  the 


APPENDIX.  175 

extent  of  $  1 5 ,000  for  each  five  miles  of  river  for  which 
he  is  the  holder  of  a  lease;  but  the  lessee  under  one 
lease  shall  not  be  entitled  to  the  exemption  as  to 
royalty  provided  by  the  next  two  preceding  regula- 
tions, where  the  dredge  or  dredges  used  by  him  have 
been  used  in  dredging  by  another  lessee,  or  in  any 
case  in  respect  of  more  than  30  miles. 

8.  The  lessee  shall  be  permitted  to  cut  free  of  all 
dues,    on    any   land    belonging   to    the    Crown,    such 
timber  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  his 
lease,  but  such  permission  shall  not   extend  to  timber 
which  may  have  been  heretofore  or  may  hereafter  be 
granted  to  other  persons  or  corporations. 

9.  The  lessee  shall  not  interfere  in  any  way  with 
the   general   right   of  the  public  to  use  the   river   in 
which  he  may  be  permitted  to  dredge,  for  navigation 
and  other  purposes;   the  free  navigation  of  the  river 
shall  not  be  impeded  by  the  deposit  of  tailings  in  such 
manner    as    to    form    bars    or    banks  in  the    channel 
thereof,    and    the    current    or    stream     shall    not    be 
obstructed  in  any  material  degree  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  such  deposits. 

10.  The  lease  shall  provide  that  any  person  who 
has   received    or   who   may   receive   entry    under   the 
Placer-mining    Regulations  shall   be   entitled   to   run 
tailings  into  the  river  at  any  point   thereon,  and   to 
construct  all  works  which  may  be  necessary  for  prop- 


176  APPENDIX. 

erly  operating  and  working  his  claim.  Provided  that 
it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  such  person  to  construct  a 
wing-dam  within  1000  ft.  from  the  place  where  any 
dredge  is  being  operated,  nor  to  obstruct  or  interfere 
in  any  way  with  the  operation  of  any  dredge. 

11.  The  lease  shall  reserve  all  roads,  ways,  bridges, 
drains,  and  other  public  works,  and  all  improvement 
now  existing,   or  which  may  hereafter  be   made   in, 
upon,  or  under  any  part  of  the  river,  and  the  power 
to   enter  and   construct  the  same,   and  shall  provide 
that   the   lessee   shall  not  damage   nor  obstruct   any 
public  ways,  drains,  bridges,  works,  and  improvements 
now  or  hereafter  to  be  made  upon,  in,  over,  through, 
or   under   the   river;    and   that   he   will    substantially 
bridge    or    cover   and    protect   all    the    cuts,    flumes, 
ditches,  and  sluices,  and  all  pits  and  dangerous  places 
at  all   points  where  they  may  be  crossed   by  a  public 
highway  or  frequented  path  or  trail,  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior. 

12.  That  the  lessee,  his  executors,  administrators, 
or  assigns,  shall  not  nor  will  assign,  transfer,  or  sublet 
the  demised   premises,   or  any  part   thereof,  without 
the  consent  in  writing  of  the  Minister  first  had  and 
obtained. 


APPENDIX.  177 

LAW    RELATIVE   TO    RIVER   DREDGING. 

Rivers  or  streams  in  a  defined  channel  belong  to  the 
State.  To  dredge  river  beds  requires  either  a  grant  or 
prescription  from  the  State,  in  the  absence  of  any 
definite  legislation  regulating  this  industry.  There 
is  scarcely  any  doubt  that  the  State  would  grant 
permission  to  mine  any  river  bed  within  her  borders 
provided  navigation  were  not  hindered  or  obstructed 
or  riparian  rights  interfered  with,  but  such  sanction 
should  be  obtained  prior  to  commencing  work.  In 
the  case  of  a  non  navigable  stream  flowing  within  the 
borders  of  one's  land,  the  land  under  the  water  belongs 
to  the  landowner;  or  the  water,  to  the  State.  In  such 
a  case  the  right  to  dredge  is  unquestionable.  Or 
in  case  of  two  landowners  adjoining  on  opposite 
sides  either  one  may  dredge  his  half  and  be  convicted 
of  trespass  if  he  oversteps  the  boundary.  The  owner 
or  owners  must  not  overstep  the  mark  and  injure  land 
or  watercourse  below  their  property,  otherwise  they 
may  be  enjoined. 

The  dredging  company  may  purchase  a  piece  of 
land  and  work  their  dredge  along  the  river-bank. 
They  must  not,  however,  change  the  course  of  the 
stream  or  divert  it  from  the  riparian  owner  opposite, 
although  they  may  work  as  far  inland  on  their  own 
property  as  they  desire,  and  have  the  usufruct  of  the 


178  APPENDIX. 

stream.  The  chances  are  that  dredgers  if  they  pollute 
the  streams  or  make  them  muddy  will  have  trouble 
with  riparian  owners  in  the  States  for  creating  a 
nuisance.  The  washing  of  ore  and  discoloring  the 
water  of  the  New  River,  Virginia,  has  caused  much 
comment,  and  an  attempt  has  been  made  in  Congress 
to  suppress  it. 

If  the  stream  belongs  to  the  public  domain,  twenty 
acres  can  be  located,  or  a  dredger  may  work  up  and 
down  the  stream  (provided  it  does  not  work  on  a 
located  claim)  without  interference. 


INFORMATION    ON    HYDRAULICS. 

THE  following  tables  have  been  computed  by  data 
obtained  from  careful  experiments  made  by  the 
ablest  engineers. 


GOLD   TABLE 

FOR  DETERMINING  THE  VALUE  OF  FREE  GOLD  PER  TON 
(2000  LBS.)  OF  QUARTZ  OR  CUBIC  YARD  OF  GRAVEL, 

PREPARED    BV 

MELVILLE  ATWOOD,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Consulting  Mining  Engineer. 


Weight 

Fineness, 

Fineness, 

Fineness, 

Fineness, 

Washed  Gold. 

780. 

830. 

875- 

9'2O. 

4-lb.  Sample. 

Value  per  Oz. 

Value  per  Oz. 

Value  per  Oz. 

Value  per  Oz. 

Grains. 

$,6.  ,2. 

$17.15. 

$18.08. 

$19  01. 

5  grains 

$83.97 

$89-36 

$94.20 

$99.05 

4 

67.18 

71.49 

75  36 

79.24 

3 

50.38 

53-61 

56.52 

59-43 

2 

33.59 

35-74 

37.68 

39.62 

i 

16.79 

17  87 

18.84 

19.81 

•9 

15-11 

1  6.  08 

16.95 

17.82 

.8 

13-43 

14.29 

15-07 

15.84 

•  7 

11-75 

12.51 

13.19 

13-86 

.6 

IO.07 

10.73 

11.30 

11.88 

•  5 

8  40 

8-93 

9  42 

9.90 

•4 

6.71 

7-14 

7-53 

7.92 

•  3 

5-03 

5.36 

5-65 

5-94 

.2 

3.36 

3-57 

3-76 

396 

.1 

1.68 

1.78 

1.88 

1.98 

179 


180  APPENDIX. 

They  will  therefore  assist  the  unskilled  as  well  as 
the  skilled  in  many  problems.  However,  to  thor- 
oughly understand  the  subject,  one  should  purchase 
a  text-book  on  Hydraulics. 

These  tables  are  reliable,  and  will  prove  correct  as 
far  as  they  go. 

The  whole  subject  has  been  touched  upon  in  the 
preceding  pages,  so  that  any  one  who  has  carefully 
read  them  should  understand  the  tables  at  a  glance, 
and  be  able  to  apply  them  in  practice. 


EXPLANATION    OF    TABLE. 

The  foregoing  table  furnishes  an  exceedingly  simple 
method  of  determining  the  value  of  free  gold  in  a  ton 
of  gold-bearing  quartz,  or  a  cubic  yard  of  auriferous 
gravel. 

Take  a  sample  of  four  (4)  pounds  of  quartz,  pul- 
verize it  to  the  usual  fineness  for  horning,  wash  it 
carefully  by  batea.  or  other  means,  amalgamate  the 
gold  by  the  application  of  quicksilver,  volatilize  the 
quicksilver  by  blowpipe  or  otherwise,  weigh  the 
resulting  button,  and  the  value  given  in  the  table 
opposite  such  weight  will  be  the  value  in  free  gold  per 
ton  of  2000  pounds  of  quartz. 

Example. — Sample  of  four  pounds  produces  button 
weighing  one  grain,  the  finest  of  the  gold  being  830; 


APPENDIX.  l8l 

then   the   value   of   one   ton   of    such   quartz   will   be 

$17-87. 

If  the  sample  of  four  pounds  should  produce  a 
button  weighing  say  two  and  four-tenths  (2T\)  grains, 
then  the  value  of  such  quartz  would  be  (875  fine)  as 
follows,  viz. : 

Opposite  2  grains,      875  fine,     value  $37.68 
"        T4ir     "         875   «  -         7.53 


Total  value  per  ton  (2000  lbs.)...$45.2i 


GOLD  VALUE  OF  A  CUBIC  YARD  OF  GRAVEL. 

To  determine  the  gold  value  of  a  cubic  yard  of 
auriferous  gravel  the  foregoing  table  can  be  used. 

Take  a  sample  of  sixty  (60)  pounds  of  gravel,  pul- 
verize it,  and  carefully  wash  it  by  batea,  pan,  or 
otherwise;  amalgamate  the  gold,  volatilize  the  quick- 
silver, weigh  the  button,  and  in  column  in  foregoing 
table,  opposite  the  weight,  will  be  found  the  gold 
value  of  a  cubic  yard  of  the  gravel. 

Example. — Sample  of  sixty  pounds  produces  button 
weighing  one  grain,  the  fineness  of  the  gold  being  780; 
then  the  value  of  one  cubic  yard  of  such  gravel  would 
be  $1.67.  This  is  arrived  at  by  pointing  off  one 
point,  or  dividing  the  value  given  in  table  by  10. 

If  the  sample  of  sixty  pounds  yields  a  button  weigh- 


1 82  APPENDIX. 

ing  one  grain  and  two-tenths  (iT27  grains),  then  the 
value  of  the  gravel  per  cubic  yard  would  be — gold 
being  920  fine — as  follows: 

Opposite  I  grain,     920  fine,     value  $1.98 
"        fV     "         920    "  tl  .03  + 


Total  value  cubic  yard $2.01  + 

This  table  is  prepared  upon  the  following  basis  of 
weights,  viz. :  A  sample  of  four  pounds  of  quartz  is 
the  one-five-hundredth  part  in  weight  of  a  ton  of 
2000  pounds,  and  the  gold  values  given  are  reduced 
to  this  proportion. 

Eighteen  cubic  feet  of  gravel  in  bank  will  weigh  one 
ton,  or  2000  pounds,  and  a  cub  c  yard,  or  twenty- 
seven  cubic  feet,  will  weigh  3000  pounds,  or  i^  tons; 
and  sixty  pounds  being  the  one-fiftieth  part  of  the 
weight  of  a  cubic  yard,  then  the  relative  proportion  of 
the  weight  of  quartz  to  gravel  is  as  50  to  500,  or  I  to 
10. 

HYDRAULICS. 

i  gallon   of  water  =  231  cubic  inches  and   weighs  8.3389  pounds  . 

figured  at  8^  pounds, 
i  cubic  foot  of  water  =  1728  cubic  inches  and  weighs  62.3793  pounds  ; 

figured  at  62.5. 

contains  7.48052  gallons,  usually  figured  at  7.5. 
A  column  of  water  2.31  feet  high  gives  i  Ib.  pressure  on  each  square 

inch  of  its  base. 
A  column  of  water  i  ft.  high  will  give  a  pressure  of  .434  Ibs.  on  each 

square  inch  of  base.     Usually  reckoned  at  5  Ib. 

per  ft.  in  height. 


APPENDIX. 


183 


Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  its  area  four  times,  hence 

its  capacity. 
Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  its  frictional  rubbing-surface 

two  times. 
To  double  the  quantity  of  water  flowing  through  a  pipe  under  a  given 

head  requires  eight  times  the  power. 
27,154  inches  of  water  will  spread  I  inch  deep  over  I  acre  of  ground, 

and  weigh  101  tons. 
A  foot-pound  of  work  is  the  expenditure  of  power  required  to  raise 

one  pound  one  foot  high  in  one  minute. 
A  horse-power  is  33,000  foot-pounds,   or  what  a   strong  horse  can 

do   10   hours   daily   every    minute  in   the  day. 

Average  horses  can  do  but  22.000  ft.-lbs.  per 

minute. 

To  find  the  horse-power  required  to  raise  water  ?  Multiply  the 
number  of  pounds  of  water  to  be  raised  per  minute  by  the  height  from 
the  level  of  the  water  to  the  level  of  discharge. 


FOR   USUAL    CALCULATIONS. 
A  flow  of  one  miners'  inch  of  water  is  equal  to  the  supply  of — 


Gallons. 

Cubic  Feet. 

Per  second                                 • 

1871- 

Per  minute         .....      .    . 

II  2^ 

.u^;> 
T  e 

67q 

QO  OO 

Per  day  

16200 

2  1  60 

Or,  a  flow  of  one  cubic  foot, 

Per  second  equals  40  miners'  inches; 
Per  minute  equals  f  miners'  inch; 
Per  hour  equals  .01  no  -}-  miners'  inch. 


1 84 


APPENDIX. 


TABLES   FOR   CALCULATING    THE    HORSE-POWER  OF 
WATER. 

MINERS'-INCH    TABLE. 

The  following  table  gives  the  horse-power  of  one  miners'  inch 
of  water  under  heads  from  one  up  to  eleven  hundred  feet.  This 
inch  equals  i%  cubic  feet  per  minute. 


Head  in  Feet. 

Horse-power. 

Head  in  Feet. 

Horse-power. 

I 

.0024147 

320 

•772704 

2O 

.0482294 

330 

.796851 

30 

.072441 

340 

.820998 

40 

.096588 

350 

.845145 

50 

•120735 

360 

.869292 

60 

.144882 

370 

•893439 

70 

.  169029 

380 

.917586 

80 

.193176 

390 

•941733 

90 

.217323 

400 

.965880 

100 

.241470 

410 

.990027 

no 

.265617 

420 

.014174 

120 

.289764 

430 

.038321 

130 

•3I39H 

440 

.062468 

I4O 

•338058 

450 

.086615 

150 

.362205 

460 

.110762 

1  60 

.386352 

470 

.134909 

170 

.410499 

480 

.159056 

1  80 

.434646 

49° 

.183206 

IQO 

•458793 

500 

•207350 

200 

.482940 

520 

•255644 

210 

.507087 

540 

•303938 

220 

•531234 

560 

.352232 

230 

•555381 

580 

.400526 

240 

•579528 

600 

.448820 

250 

.603675 

650 

•569555 

260 

.627822 

700 

.  690290 

270 

.651969 

750 

.811025 

280 

.676116 

800 

.931760 

290 

.  700263 

900 

2.173230 

300 

.724410 

IOOO 

2.414700 

310 

•748557 

IIOO 

2.656170 

WHEN    THE    EXACT    HEAD    IS    FOUND    IN    ABOVE    TABLE. 

Example. — Have  loo-foot  head  and  50  inches  of  water.  How 
many  horse-power? 

By  reference  to  above  table  the  horse-power  of  I  inch  under 
100  feet  head  is  .241470.  This  amount  multiplied  by  the  number 
of  inches,  50,  will  give  12.07  horse-power. 


APPENDIX. 


I85 


CUBIC-FEET    TABLE. 

The  following  table  gives  the  horse-power  of  one  cubic  foot  of 
water  per  minute  under  heads  from  one  up  to  eleven  hundred 
feet: 


Head  in  Feet. 

Horse-power. 

Head  in  Feet. 

Horse-  power. 

I 

.0016098 

320 

•5I5I36 

20 

.032196 

330 

•531234 

30 

.048294 

340 

•547332 

40 

.064392 

350 

•563430 

50 

.  080490 

360 

•579528 

60 

.096588 

370 

.595626 

70 

.112686 

380 

.611724 

80 

.128784 

390 

.627822 

90 

,  144892 

400 

.643920 

IOO 

.160980 

4IO 

.660018 

no 

.177078 

42O 

.676116 

120 

.193176 

430 

.692214 

130 

.209274 

440 

.708312 

140 

.225372 

450 

.724410 

150 

.241470 

460 

.740508 

160 

.257568 

470 

.756606 

170 

.273666 

480 

.772704 

1  80 

.289764 

490 

.788802 

190 

.305862 

500 

.  804900 

200 

.321960 

520 

•837096 

210 

.338058 

540 

.869292 

220 

.354156 

560 

.901488 

230 

.370254 

580 

•933684 

240 

.386352 

600 

.965880 

250 

.402450 

650 

.046370 

260 

.418548 

700 

.126860 

270 

.434646 

750 

.207350 

280 

.450744 

800 

.287840 

290 

.466842 

900 

.448820 

300 

.482940 

IOOO 

.  609800 

310 

.499038 

I  IOO 

.  770780 

WHEN    EXACT    HEAD    IS    NOT    FOUND    IN    TABLE. 

Take  the  horse-power  of  i  inch  under  i-foot  head  and  multiply 
by  the  number  of  inches,  and  then  by  number  of  feet  head.  The 
product  will  be  the  required  horse-power. 

Note. — The  above  formula  will  answer  for  the  cubic-feet  table, 
by  substituting  the  equivalents  therein  for  those  of  miners' 
inches. 

Horse-power  given  in  above  table  equal  85  per  cent  of  theoretical 
power. 


1 86  APPENDIX. 

FLOW    OF   WATER   THROUGH    CLEAN    IRON    PIPES. 

REMARKS. — In  the  analysis  of  the  flow  of  water, 
the  total  head  is  divided  into  three  parts,  viz.:  1st, 
that  portion  of  the  head  due  to  the  velocity;  2d,  that 
portion  which  overcomes  the  resistance  of  entry;  and 
3d,  that  portion  which  overcomes  the  resistance  within 
the  pipe.  In  long  pipes,  the  two  former  portions  as 
compared  with  the  latter  portion  of  the  total  head  are 
quite  small.  In  this  table  the  greatest  velocity  in  any 
pipe  is  13.445  feet  per  second,  due  to  4.2  feet,  the 
sum  of  the  first  and  second  portions  of  the  total  head, 
while  the  third  portion  of  the  head  is  211.2  feet. 
The  head  or  fall  in  this  table  refers  to  the  third  por- 
tion of  the  total  head.  This  table  has  been  computed 
on  the  assumption  that  the  length  of  any  pipe  is  not 
less  than  1000  times  its  diameter. 

Question:  The  fall  being  52.8  feet  per  mile,  what 
will  be  the  flow  through  a  pipe  22  inches  diameter,  in 
cubic  feet,  also  in  miners'  inches  ? 

Answer:  In  this  table  find  in  first  column  52.8 
feet,  opposite  which  in  column  headed  22  inches  will 
be  found  the  required  quantity,  viz.,  21.06  cubic  feet, 
which  multiplied  by  50  gives  1053  miners'  inches. 

Question :  The  diameter  of  the  pipe  being  24 
inches,  what  fall  will  be  required  for  the  pipe  to  carry 
1000  miners'  inches  ? 


APPENDIX.  187 

Answer  :  In  this  table,  in  column  headed  24  inches, 
find  that  number  which  multiplied  by  50  will  make 
the  1000  miners'  inches  given.  In  this  case  the 
nearest  number  is  20.42,  opposite  which  in  column 
headed  fall  per  mile  will  be  found  31.68  feet,  the  fall 
required. 

Question :  In  carrying  1050  inches  of  water  to  a 
hydraulic  mine  in  a  pipe  27  inches  diameter,  having  a 
fall  of  95.04  feet  to  the  mile,  what  will  be  the  effective 
head  at  the  mine  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  in  column  headed  27  inches, 
find  that  number  which  multiplied  by  50  will  make 
1050  approximate  miners'  inches.  In  this  case  we 
have  21.13  cubic  feet,  opposite  which  in  column 
headed  fall  per  mile  we  find  18.48  feet,  which  is  the 
head  per  mile  lost  in  carrying  the  water.  Subtracting 
this  from  the  given  fall  or  head  gives  the  effective 
head.  Thus  95.04  —  18.48  =  76.56  feet  effective 
head. 

Question  :  There  being  7.5  gallons  in  a  cubic  foot, 
and  86,400  seconds  in  a  day  (twenty-four  hours),  the 
fall  7.39  feet  per  mile,  how  many  gallons  will  a  pipe 
40  inches  diameter  carry  per  day  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  in  column  headed  40  inches 
and  opposite  7.39  feet  headed  fall  per  mile,  will  be 
found  37-57  cubic  feet  flow  per  second.  Then  37.57 
X  7-5  X  86,400  =  24,345,360  gallons. 


1 88  APPENDIX. 

GENERAL  RULE. — The  velocity  per  second  is  equal 
to  50  times  the  square  root  of  the  product  of  the  head 
and  diameter  in  feet,  divided  by  the  sum  of  the  length 
and  50  times  the  diameter  of  the  pipe  in  feet. 

SHORT  PIPES. — This  rule  applies  to  both  long  and 
short  pipes,  and  is  approximately  accurate  if  the 
diameter  does  not  exceed  two  feet. 


APPENDIX. 


189 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    PER    SECOND    THROUGH 
CLEAN    IRON    PIPES. 


Diameters. 

Fall 

Fall 

Per  Mile. 

Per  Rod. 

Feet. 

Ft.     In. 

fein. 

Kb, 

i  in. 

i^  in. 

i%in. 

2  in. 

Cu  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

21  12 

O  0.  7Q2 

O2^8d 

26  4O 

On  noo 

.02014 

•v-'^0uif 
O2Q24. 

31.68 

y*~PrJ 

o   .  188 

.01460 

.02270 

•  v-'^  V  T" 

.O3274. 

oft  f\f\ 

0306 

.01^8^ 

.O2J.26 

.  V^J^  /  f. 

O34.Q2 

ju.  yu 
J.2  2zL 

>  jyu 

OS.RA 

.00^67 

•  v-*x  O*-7  J 

.OI7O7 

•  \J*L^£i\J 
.O2638 

'  J^*y~ 
.O3776 

4^*  ^4 

J.7  ^2 

•  j0** 
o   .782 

.  V-fW^\J  / 

.  006  1  7 

.  wi  /  \j  i 
.Ol8l6 

.O2838 

-VJ  J  /  /  ^J 
.  O4O8  I 

4/«  D^ 
52.8O 

o   .080 

.  003  i  6 

.00677 

.01063 

.O2988 

.O4.32I 

63.'  36 

o  2.376 

.OOI22 

.00350 

.  \j\j\j  /  y 
.00781 

.  v-'  x  V  J 

.02123 

.03260 

•  V-'H-O  *• 
.04843 

73-92 

o  2.772 

.00124 

.00377 

.00841 

.02282 

.03556 

.05150 

84.48 

o  3.168 

•00135 

.00411 

.00886 

.02466 

.03706 

.05456 

95-04 

o  3-564 

.00143 

.00445 

.00961 

.02577 

.03923 

.05740 

1O5.6O 

o  3.960 

.00150 

.00466 

.00990 

.02793 

.O4224 

.O6lll 

158.40 

o  5.940 

.00197 

.00589 

.01245 

.03458 

.05175 

.07399 

211.  2O 

o  7.920 

.00241 

.00705 

.01492 

,04132 

.O6l67 

.08734 

264.00 

o  9.900 

.00279 

.00798 

.Ol666 

•04577 

.07145 

.1095 

3l6.80 

o  11.880 

.00315 

.00874 

.01857 

.05043 

.07830 

.1200 

369.60 

1.86 

.00340 

.00951 

.01988 

.05424 

.08381 

.1288 

422.40 

3-84 

.00366 

.01012 

.02141 

.05804 

.08949 

•1375 

475.20 

5.82 

.00389 

.01086 

.02283 

.06191 

.O94OO 

.1442 

528  oo 

7.80 

.00410 

.01144 

.02424 

.06724 

.10030 

.1523 

633.00 

11.76 

•00453 

.01282 

.02676 

.07400 

.1110 

.1634 

739.20 

2  3-72 

.00473 

.01380 

,02890 

.08020 

.1200 

.1748 

844.00 

2   7.68 

.00524 

.01480 

.03081 

.08622 

.1285 

•T855 

950.40 

2  11.64 

•00559 

.01567 

.03276 

.09225 

.1372 

•1955 

1056.00 

3  3-6o 

.00589 

.01656 

.03458 

.09692 

.1450 

.2047 

1320.00 

4  1-50 

.00660 

.01871 

.03897 

.1079 

.1617 

.2276 

1584.00 

4  11.40 

.00732 

.02064 

.04316 

.1187 

•1773 

.2483 

2112.00 

6  7.20 

.00855 

.O239O 

.04987 

.1380 

.2050 

.2833 

2640.00 

8  3.00 

.00966 

.02705 

.05648 

.1550 

3168.00 

9  10.80 

.01065 

.03003 

.06320 

3696.00 

ii  6.60 

.01156 

.03301 

.06943 

4224.00 

13  2.40 

.01248 

•03572 

A  7  c  o  OO 

14.  IO»  2O 

01  338 

0-1786 

<4  /  D  -^  •  *-'^' 
5280.00 

16  5.00 

•  UJ-  jj° 
.01419 

•  v-'J  1  O\J 

APPENDIX. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    PER    SECOND    THROUGH 
CLEAN    IRON    PIPES. 


Fall 
Per  Mile. 
Feet. 

Fall 
Per  Rod. 
Ft.    In. 

Diameters. 

3  >"• 
Cu.  Ft 

4  in. 
Cu.  Ft. 

6  in. 
Cu.  Ft. 

8  in. 
Cu.  Ft. 

10  in. 
Cu.  Ft. 

ii  in. 
Cu.  Ft. 

12  in 
Cu.  Ft. 

5.280 
6.336 
7.392 
8.448 
9.504 
10.560 
11.616 
12.672 
13-728 
14.784 
15.840 
18.480 

2I.I2O 
26.4OO 
3I.6C0 
36.960 
42.240 
47-520 
52.800 
63.360 
73-920 
84.480 
95.040 
IO5.6OO 
158.400 
211.  2OO 
264.000 
316.800 
369.000 
422.400 

475-200 
528.000 
633.600 
739.200 
844.800 
950  400 
1056.000 
1320.000 
1584.000 

o  0.198 
O  0.238 
o  0.277 
0  0.317 
0  0.356 
O  0.396 
o  0.436 
o  0.475 
o  0.515 
o  0.554 
o  0.594 
o  0.684 
o  0.792 
o  0.990 
o   .188 
o   .386 
o   .584 
o   .782 
o   .980 
o  2.376 
o  2.772 
o  3.168 
o  3-564 
o  3.960 
o  5  .940 
o  7.920 
o  9.900 
o  11.880 

I  1.860 
I  3.840 

I  5.820 
I  7.800 
I  11.760 

2   3.720 
2   7.680 
2  11.640 

3  3.600 
4  i-5ob 
4  11.400 

.265 
.402 
.489 

•634 
.728 
.826 
•940 
2.026 
2.II7 
2.207 
2.297 
2.466 
2.662 
3.O2O 
3-310 
3.601 
3.856 
4.072 
4.305 
4-728 
5-094 
5.482 
5  839 
6.160 
7.630 
8'.86o 
9.967 

.878 
.960 

.047 
.110 
.194 
.265 
.325 

•377 
•423 
•470 
.587 
.683 
.865 
2.059 

2.222 

2.383 
2.514 
2.662 
2.932 
3.2IO 
3-450 

3  679 
3.856 
4.762 
5-563 
6.704 

.120 
.221 
•  320 

•394 
.490 
.580 

•653 
.722 

.788 

-854 
.996 
2.136 

2-397 
2.636 
2.858 
3.062 
3-232 

3-4I9 
3.760 
4.016 
4-390 
4-679 
5.25I 
6.086 

7  022 
8.244 

•  573 
.611 

•  639 
.659 
•703 
•737 
.768 
.808 
.876 
•931 
•045 
•  575 
.262 

•344 
.424 

•496 
.644 
.782 
1.916 
2.033 

2.155 
2.667 
3-145 
3  513 
3-847 
4.196 

.298 
.314 
•330 
.346 
•359 
•377 
•395 
•444 
•496 
.548 
.589 
.631 
.672 

•  72[ 

.784 
.858 
.922 
•975 

1.022 
1.263 
1.484 
1.665 
1.929 
1.976 
2.144 
2.274 
2-399 

•1235 
.1298 

.1335 
.1465 
.1562 
.1771 
.1923 
.2146 

•2339 
.2460 
.2582 
.2893 
.3036 
.3237 
•3412 
.3607 
.4503 
•5331 
•5954 
.6390 
.6967 
.7506 
.7960 

•9464 
.9270 
i  .  0060 
i.  0810 

.0630 
.0692 

•0749 
.0839 
.0915 
.0992 
.1060 
.Ilig 
.1190 
.1313 
.1413 
.1507 
.1590 
.1717 
.2081 
.2469 
.2785 
•3049 
-3331 
•3559 
.3816 

.4043 
.4440 

•4977 
.5131 
•5436 

.5832 
.6523 

APPENDIX. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    PER    SECOND    THROUGH 
CLEAN    IRON    PIPES — 


Diameters. 

Fall 

Fall 

per 

per 

Mile. 

Rod. 

14  In. 

15  In. 

i6ln. 

18  In. 

20  In. 

22  In. 

24  In. 

27  In. 

Feet. 

Ft.    In. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  ft. 

Cu.Ft. 

2.  1  1 

O    O.o8 

2.64 

O    O.  IO 

8  27 

31  7 

O    0.  12 

361 

4.61 

6.  10 

*r»*  / 

8-37 

•  A  / 
q  7O 

o  0.14 

2.2^ 

•a   10 

.  w  v 

4.  07 

6  64 

0  OQ 

O°  t 

4.22 

o  o.i  6 

1.71 

2.05 

*••  ^  j 
2-43 

j*  *u 
3.27 

if.,  wy 

4.35 

5*62 

7-13 

9.48 

4-75 

o  o  18 

1.83 

2.19 

2-59 

3.49 

4  68 

6.01 

7-56 

10.26 

5.28 

0    0.20 

1.91 

2.3O 

2.72 

3-66 

4.92 

6.32 

7-95 

10.74 

5-8r 

0    0.22 

2.02 

2-43 

2.88 

3-88 

5-15 

6.62 

8.34 

H-45 

6-34 

o   0.24 

2.  II 

2.54 

3.02 

4.06 

5.40 

6.94 

8.75 

"•93 

6.86 

o  0.26 

2.18 

2.65 

3.18 

4.23 

5.62 

7-24 

9.14 

12.54 

7-39 

o  0.28 

2.27 

2.75 

3.28 

4.40 

5.82 

7-51 

9-47 

12.96 

7-92 

o  0.30 

2-35 

2.84 

3.39 

4.61 

6.05 

7.78 

9.80 

J3-49 

8-45 

o  0.32 

2-44 

2.94 

3-49 

4-75 

6.27 

8.03 

10.13 

13.98 

8.98 

o  0.34 

2-54 

2.98 

3.62 

4.90 

6.48 

8.36 

10.57 

14.41 

9-50 

o  0.36 

2-59 

3-H 

3-69 

5-03 

6.65 

8.55 

10.77 

14.81 

10.03 

o  0.38 

2.67 

3.21 

3-8i 

5  17 

6.92 

8.85 

II.  IO 

15.21 

10.56 

o  0.40 

2.72 

3-29 

3-92 

5.30 

7.05 

9-°7 

H.43 

J5.63 

11.62 

o   0.44 

2.88 

3-47 

4.12 

5.63 

7.42 

9-55 

12.05 

16.44 

12.67 

o  0.48 

3.02 

3.63 

4-32 

5.87 

7-79 

IO.OI 

12.01 

17.23 

13.73 

o  0.51 

3.15 

3-79 

4-51 

6.18 

8.14 

10.48 

13.23 

18.01 

14.78 

o   0.55 

3.29 

3-95 

4.68 

6.38 

8.48 

10.91 

13-79 

18.75 

15.84 

o  0.59 

3-42 

4.11 

4.87 

6.64 

8.77 

11.29 

14.25 

19.50 

18.48 

o  0.69 

3.62 

4.46 

5.31 

7.17 

9-49 

12  25 

15-50 

21.13 

21.12 

o  0.79 

3-99 

4-78 

5.67 

7-65 

10.  16 

13.12 

16.62 

22.62 

26.40 

o   0.99 

4.46 

5-37 

639 

8.66 

H.43 

14.78 

18.71 

25.34 

31.68 

o    1.19 

4.91 

5-91 

7.02 

9.54 

12.59 

16.20 

20.42 

27.74 

36.96 

o    1.39 

5-37 

6-45 

7.66 

10.33 

13-66 

17.53 

22.O5 

29.96 

42.24 

0     1-59 

5-77 

6.90 

8.16 

11.09 

14.66 

18.78 

23.61 

3L99 

47-52 

o    1.78 

7-31 

8.64 

11.71 

15-54 

19.93 

25.07 

33-97 

52.80 

o    1.98 

6.44 

7-70 

9.10 

12.37 

16.47 

21.  06 

26.42 

35-89 

63.36  o   2.38 

7.00 

8.39 

9-95 

13-65 

17.99 

23.07 

29.03 

39-76 

73.92 

o  2.77,    7.60 

9-1  5 

10.87 

14-75 

19.49 

24.68 

3L49 

43.22 

84.48 

o   3-17 

8.17 

9.81 

11.63 

15-8-1 

21.03 

26.97 

33-90 

46.57 

95-04 

o   3-56 

8-93 

10.47 

12-43 

16.90 

22.45 

29.70 

36.18 

48.06 

105.60 

o   3.96 

9.26 

11.09 

13-14 

17-85 

23-56 

31.15 

38.45 



158.40 

O     £   Q  1 

1  1.39 

13.66 

16.17 

21.86 

28.86 

211.20 

~     D  .  V  •' 

o   7.92 

13.22 

15.84 

18.77 

192 


APPENDIX. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    PER    SECOND    THROUGH 

CLEAN  IRON  PIPES — (continued^] 


Fall 
per 
Mile. 

Feet. 

Fall  per 
Rod. 

Ft.    In. 

Diameters. 

30  In. 
Cu.  Ft. 

33  In- 
Cu.  Ft. 

36  In. 
Cu.  Ft. 

40  In. 
Cu.  Ft. 

44  In. 
Cu.  Ft. 

48  In. 
Cu.  Ft. 

1.  06 

O      O  OJ. 

10.29 

13  88 

18.15 

22.98 

I.58 

\J            \J,\JL^. 

o    0.06 

7.78 

IO.2I 

12.70 

17.00 

22.22 

27.89 

2.  II 

o    0.08 

8.99 

11.65 

14.56 

19.68 

25-55 

32.93 

2.64 

O      O.IO 

10.24 

12.92 

16.35 

22.08 

28.87 

37-00 

3-17 

O      0.12 

10.97 

13.99 

18.02 

24-43 

31.46 

40.21 

3-70 

o    0.14 

11.90 

15.14 

19.76 

26.27 

34-47 

43.67 

4-22 

o    0.16 

12.84 

16.36 

20.85 

28.14 

37-05 

46.81 

4-75 

o     o.i  8 

13.48 

17.58 

22.30 

29.80 

39-Qi 

49-06 

5>28 

O      O.2O 

14.21 

18.74 

23.47 

31.46 

41.06 

52.15 

5-8i 

0      0.22 

15.05 

19-54 

24.91 

33-25 

42.09 

54.95 

6  34 

o    0.24 

15.81 

20.28 

26.12 

34.68 

44.97 

57.36 

6.86 

o     0.26 

16.47 

21.29 

27.20 

36.21 

46.77 

60.07 

7-39 

o     0.28 

17.18 

22.2O 

28.24 

37-57 

48.83 

62.02 

7.92 

o    0.30 

17.94 

23.01 

29.19 

39.18 

50.62 

64.47 

8.45 

o    0.32 

18.58 

23.76 

30.29 

40.54 

52.46 

66.53 

8.98 

o    0.34 

ig.21 

24-47 

31.42 

41.88 

54-04 

68.50 

9-50 

o    0.36 

19.66 

25.22 

32.48 

43  07 

55.48 

70.62 

10.03 

o    0.38 

20.32 

26.14 

33-40 

44.28 

57-oi 

72.75 

10.56 

o    0.40 

20.79 

26.94 

34.49 

45-20 

58.85 

74-44 

11.62 

o    0.44 

21.  80 

28.27 

36.15 

48.12 

61.71 

78.29 

12.67 

o    0.48 

22.83 

29.02 

37.74 

50.48 

64.35 

81.68 

13-73 

o    0.51 

23-93 

31.06 

39-40 

52.67 

66.87 

85.20 

14.78 

o    0.55 

24.86 

32.28 

40.86 

55-04 

69.57 

88.46 

15.84 

o    0.59 

25.87 

33-62 

42.28 

56.33 

72.32 

9L73 

18.48 

o    0.69 

27.96 

36.17 

45-95  ' 

61.09 

77-95 

100.40 

21.12 

o    0.79 

29.84 

38.57 

4883 

65.41 

83.60 

105.89 

26.40 

o    0.99 

33-55 

43.12 

54.89 

73-09 

93-37 

II9-34 

31.68 

o    1.19 

36.79 

47.40 

59-95 

80.32 

103.28 

130.88 

36.96 

o    1.39 

39-66 

51-35 

65.17 

86.70 

111.74 

148.09 

42.24 

o     1.59 

42.39 

54-91 

69.80 

9258 

II9-93 

153.94 

47  52 

o     1.78 

45  21 

c8  20 

74.  H 

98.00 

128.26 

H  /  •  0 
52  80 

O       I  08 

H  j*    j 
47  71 

0*J.  *i^J 

61.62 

/  T-.  J  J 
78    46 

IO7  on 

3*a  "w 

6q  ^6 

i.yo 

O      2.^8 

*T  /  *   / 

52.  QI 

68.00 

/  U«  H 

82.84 

«v  w 

VJ-  J*-* 
73.Q2 

\j     *•  £\j 

O      2.77 

0  *"  V 

57.65 

7-3.05 

/  J'  V 

~°  i  i 

J  /  •  w  J 

J  J'JJ 

I 

APPENDIX. 


193 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    PER    SECOND    THROUGH 

CLEAN  IRON  PIPES — (continued^) 


Diameters. 

Fall  Per 

Fall  Per 

Mile. 

Rod. 

Feet. 

Ft.      In. 

54  In. 

60  In. 

72  In. 

84  In.  ' 

96  In. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

•53 

O      O.O2 

21.96 

29-77 

46.99 

75-43 

107.77 

1.  06 

o    0.04 

31.70 

38.19 

57-65 

104.61 

152.45 

1.58 

o    0.06 

38.53 

52.09 

82.53 

126.18 

188.45 

2.  1  1 

o    0.08 

45-12 

59°4 

95-99 

145.43 

218.75 

2.64 

O      0.  IO 

50.23 

6706 

109  42 

162.75 

245.30 

3.17 

0      0.12 

55-51 

74-32 

121.58 

177.03 

267.41 

3-70 

o    0.14 

60.  2  1 

80.51 

132.04 

192  04 

290.53 

422 

o    0.16 

63.61 

86.30 

139.96 

207.81 

310.89 

4-75 

o    o.iS 

67.20 

91.99 

148.72 

222.44 

324.20 

5.28 

0      0.20 

72.37 

9698 

157.77 

235.13 

350.45 

5.8i 

0      0.22 

75-71 

102.39 

J65-97 

253-34 

366  19 

6-34 

o    0.24 

79-  T3 

107.31 

173  04 

264.77 

382.02 

6.86 

o    0.26 

82.54 

115-53 

179.26 

275.16 

397.85 

7-39 

o    0.28 

85.90 

116-53 

187.46 

287.67 

414.70 

7.92 

o    0.30 

89.52 

119.68 

193-93 

296.37 

427.76 

8.45 

o    0.32 

92.43 

123.70 

200.18 

307.87 

443.09 

8.98 

o    0.34 

95-35 

127.63 

206.40 

316.15 

457-42 

9-50 

o    0.36 

97.65 

131.26 

212.05 

326.73 

470.49 

10.03 

c     0.38 

100.19 

134-79 

217.71 

335-79 

481.53 

10.56 

o    0.40 

103.82 

138.84 

225.21 

348.25 

496.37 

11.62 

o     0.44 

108  78 

145  98 

235-52 

364.92 

522.76 

12.67 

o     0.48 

113-47 

152.56 

246.41 

389-09 

547-88 

13-73 

o     0.51 

118.48 

15865 

256.17 

394-43 

510.01 

14.78 

0   0.55 

123.10 

164.5; 

267.19 

408.36 

592.!3 

15-84 

o    0.59 

128.19 

170.43 

277.88 

423-36 

612.00 

18.48 

o     o  60 

138  o^ 

j  go  08 

2QO  72 

482  QQ 

21.  12 

**      w*  WV 
O      O  7q 

-1  ju  •  V 
147  QI 

1  uj-  Vu 
IQ7   ^2 

*W"  /  • 

02O  74. 

^um  «^y 

26.40 

•  /  V 

O       O.QQ 

1  ^  t  •  V 

165  So 

A  V  /  *  J 
221  Q5 

j^w.  j  ^ 
qcg   C2 

31.68 

V  V 
O       I    IQ 

1  82.42 

mm*  •  *y  j 
244.26 

OO     •  3" 

36.96 

V 
O       I    IQ 

190.01 

J    •  V 

A  •  jy 

IQ4  APPENDIX. 

RELATION  OF  CLEAN,  SLIGHTLY  ROUGH,  AND  VERY 
ROUGH  PIPES  WITH  RESPECT  TO  THEIR  CARRY- 
ING CAPACITY. 

CLEAN  PIPES. — The  tables,  as  appear  by  the  head- 
ings, have  been  computed  for  clean  pipes,  in  other 
words,  smooth  and  straight. 

SLIGHTLY  ROUGH  PIPES.  —  When  the  pipe  is 
slightly  rough,  multiply  the  tabulated  number  for 
clean  pipes  by  the  decimal  .886  to  determine  its 
carrying  capacity. 

VERY  ROUGH  PIPES. — If  the  pipe  is  very  rough, 
multiply  the  tabulated  number  for  clean  pipes  by  the 
decimal  .773  to  determine  its  carrying  capacity. 

RELATION  OF  THE  INLET  FORMS  OF  PIPES  WITH  RE- 
SPECT  TO  THE  COEFFICIENTS  OF  ENTRANCE. 

COEFFICIENTS.  —  Of  the  three  following  forms, 
viz.,  Bell-mouthed,  Square-edged,  and  Square-edged 
projecting  into  the  reservoir,  their  coefficients  will  be 
in  order  .900,  .836,  and  .734. 

ANGULAR   BENDS    AND    TABLE. 

ADDITIONAL    HEAD    REQUIRED    TO    OVERCOME    ONE 
ANGULAR    BEND. 

Question:  The  velocity  being  40  feet  per  second, 
what  additional  head  is  required  to  overcome  the 
resistance  of  an  angular  bend  whose  angle  of  deflec- 
tion is  90  degrees  ? 


APPENDIX. 


195 


Answer :    In    this    table    find,    in    column    headed 
'  Velocity  per  Second,"  40,   opposite  which,  in  col- 
umn headed  "  90  degrees  Head"  will  be  found  24.45 
feet,  the  additional  head  required. 


TABLE    SHOWING     ADDITIONAL     HEAD    REQUIRED    TO     OVER- 
COME   THE    RESISTANCE    OF    ONE    ANGULAR    BEND. 


Velocity 
per 
Second. 

Feet  . 

Angles  of  Deflection. 

15°  Head. 
Feet. 

30°  Head. 
Feet. 

40°  Head. 
Feet. 

60°  Head. 
Feet. 

90°  Head. 
Feet. 

120°  Head. 
Feet. 

I 

.0002 

.0005 

.002 

.006 

.015 

.029 

2 

.0010 

.0019 

.009 

.023 

.061 

.116 

3 

.0022 

.0042 

.019 

.051 

.138 

.260 

4 

.004 

.008 

•035 

.090 

•245 

.462 

5 

.006 

.012 

•054 

.141 

.382 

.723 

6 

.009 

.017 

.078 

.204 

•550 

1.04 

7 

.012 

.023 

.IO6 

.277 

•  749 

1.42 

8 

.016 

.030 

.138 

.362 

.978 

1.85 

10 

.025 

.047 

.216 

.565 

1.53 

2.89 

15 

.056 

.105 

.486 

1.27 

3-44 

6.50 

20 

.099 

.186 

.863 

2.26 

4-85 

11.56 

25 

•155 

.291 

i  35 

4-45 

9-55 

1  8.  06 

30 

.224 

.419 

1.94 

5-09 

13-75 

26.01 

40 

.398 

•745 

3-45 

9.04 

24.45 

46.23 

50 

.621 

1.17 

5-40 

14-13 

38.20 

73.93 

75 

1.40 

2  62 

12.14 

31-79 

8595 

162.5 

100 

2.48 

4.66 

21.58 

56.52 

152.8 

289.0 

150 

5-59 

10.48 

48.57 

127.2 

343-7 

650  2 

200 

9.94 

18.63 

86.32 

226.1 

611.1 

1156. 

300 

22.36 

41.92 

194.20 

508.7 

1092. 

26OI. 

ADDITIONAL    HEAD    NECESSARY    TO    OVERCOME    THE     RESIST- 
ANCE   OF    ONE    CIRCULAR    BEND. 

Question :   The    radius    of    the    pipe    being    to    the 
radius  of  the  bend  in  the  ratio  of  1:5,  the  number  of 


196  APPENDIX. 

degrees  in  the  bend  being  90°,  and  the  velocity  75 
feet  per  second,  what  is  the  additional  head  required 
to  overcome  the  resistance  of  the  bend  ? 

Answer:  In  this  table,  in  first  column,  headed 
''Velocity  per  Second,"  find  75  feet,  opposite  which, 
in  column  headed  ''1:5,  90°,"  is  found  6.03  feet,  the 
required  head. 

Question :  The  radius  of  the  pipe  being  to  the 
radius  of  the  bend  in  the  ratio  of  2  :  5,  the  number  of 
degrees  in  the  bend  being  120°,  and  the  velocity  per 
second  100  feet,  what  is  the  additional  head  required 
to  overcome  the  resistance  of  one  bend  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  opposite  100  feet  velocity, 
will  be  found  in  column  headed  "2:5,  120°, "  the 
required  number,  viz.,  21.34  feet. 


APPENDIX. 


197 


ft 


w   O  tnr^vnO 


•Is 

V 


31 


.~       "O        *J 


O   O 

WM 


M  co  r->.  M  co 


M   M   M   -4"CO   co  O  rf  co  O   co  O    Oco 
1-1   N   ^-  (M  co 


MO   Tt-u->Ococo   M   O   O    O* 

8O    IH    M    Tfinr^QOO    coQ 
OOOOOOwM   coo   O 


O  O  O    '^- 
OO    O"N 


M  rt-o  r^«r^co  MOO  r^oo  t^-O 

8O   M   M   N   co  too    O   ^NOO   MVO   O   t^O   ^fO 
OOOOOQO'HM^OOr^OOOOOO 


OOOOOi-icicO'^-oocoOcoOcoO 
I-H   co  m  c<   M  r>- 


r^co 
>-*  CQ  \r>  ri 


Tj-CO  CO  OO  CO    Tj-  O    ^CO    ^O  CO 


coo  M  co  o  mo  M  M  r^o  w 
MOO  r^Mco   o^t 

mvQ    O    ^-NvOO    tHCO    COM 


MO   >-i  r^x/iuiiriM   o  ^0 

O    O    M    M    M    CO'l't^OCO 

OOOOOOOOi-<« 


M   i^  O   HI   O 


OOOO 
O*^>OO 

t-l     M     W     CO 


198 


APPENDIX. 


FLOW  OF  WATER    IN    OPEN  CHANNELS. 

Question:  The  dimensions  of  a  canal  being,  top  width  u  feet, 
bottom  width  5  feet,  depth  4  feet,  and  the  fall  per  mile  8  feet. 
Required  the  number  of  inches,  miners'  measure,  that  it  will  carry. 

Answer  :  In  this  table,  in  column  headed  "  Fall  per  Mile,"  find 
8  feet,  opposite  which  in  column  headed  with  given  specifications 
(n,  5,  4)  is  found  104.8  cubic  feet,  the  flow  per  second.  This  mul- 
tiplied by  50,  the  number  of  miners'  inches  equal  to  one  cubic  foot 
flow  per  second,  gives  104.8  X  50  =  5240  miners'  inches  required. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  OPEN    CHANNELS,  BAS 
TO  PERPENDICULAR  OF  THE  SIDE  SLOPES  BEING  AS  3  :  4. 


T  2.2  ft. 

T  3-3  ft. 

T  4.4  ft. 

T55*t. 

T  6  6  f  t. 

T  7.7  ft. 

T  8.8  ft. 

Fall 

Fall 

B  i.o  ft. 
D    .8  ft. 

B  1.5  ft. 

I)  I   2  ft. 

B  2.0  ft. 

Di.6ft. 

B  2.5  ft. 

D  2.0  ft. 

B  3  o  ft. 
D  2  4  ft. 

B  3-5  ft. 
D  2.8  ft. 

B  4.0  ft. 
D  3.2  ft. 

Mile. 

per 
Rod. 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

1.28 

2  88 

5.12 

8.0 

11.52 

15.68 

20.48 

Ft. 

In. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

sq.  ft. 
Cu.  Ft. 

I 

•0375 

•45 

1-33 

2.67 

5-57 

9-05 

13.46 

2O.26 

2 

.0750 

•63 

1.88 

3.87 

7.88 

1  2.  80 

19.04 

28.64 

3 

.1125 

•77 

2.30 

4-74 

9-65 

15.67 

23.32 

35-08 

4 

.I5CO 

.89 

2.65 

5-47 

11.14 

18.52 

26.93 

40.51 

5 

.1875 

I.OO 

2.97 

6.12 

12.46 

20.24 

30.11 

45.30 

6 

.2250 

1.09 

3-25 

6.70 

I3-65 

22.17 

32.98 

49-62 

7 

.2625 

.18 

3-42 

7-24 

14.74 

23-94 

35.63 

53.58 

8 

.3000 

.26 

3-75 

7.73 

15.75 

25.60 

38.08 

57-28 

9 

•  3375 

•34 

3.98 

8.21 

16.71 

27.15 

40.39 

60.76 

TO 

•  3750 

.41 

4.19 

8.65 

17.61 

28.62 

42-57 

64.05 

II 

.4125 

.48 

4.40 

9.07 

18.47 

30.02 

44.55 

67.18 

12 

.4500 

•54 

4.60 

9.48 

19.30 

31-35 

46.64 

70.65 

13 

.4875 

.61 

4.78 

9.86 

20.08 

32.63 

48.54 

73-03 

14 

.5250 

.67 

4.96 

10.24 

20.84 

33-87 

50.38 

75-79 

15 

.5625 

•  73 

5-14 

10.60 

21-57 

35-05 

52.14 

78.44 

16 

.6000 

.78 

5-31 

10.94 

22.27 

36.20 

53.86 

81.02 

17 

.6375 

.84 

5-47 

11.28 

22.96 

37.31 

55-51 

83.51 

18 

.6750 

.89 

5.6^ 

11.60 

23.63 

38.39 

57-11 

85.93 

19 

•  7125 

.94 

5-78 

11.92 

24.28 

39-44 

58.58 

88.29 

20 

.7500 

•99 

5  93 

12.23 

24.91 

40.47 

60.21 

90.58 

21 

.7875 

2.04 

6.08 

12.54 

25-53 

41.47 

61.70 

92.82 

22 

.8250 

2.09 

6.22 

12.83 

26.12 

42.45 

63.15 

95.00 

23 

.8625 

2.14 

6.36 

13.12 

26.71 

43-40 

64.57 

97.15 

24 

.9000 

2   18 

6.50 

13.40 

27.29 

44  34 

65.95 

99.23 

25 

•9375 

2.23 

6.63 

13.68 

27-98 

45  24 

67.32 

101.28 

In  Tables,  T  signifies  top  width;  B,  bottom  width;  D,  depth. 


APPENDIX. 


I99 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    IN    OPEN    CHANNELS, 
BASE    TO    PERPENDICULAR    OF    THE    SIDE    SLOPES 

BEING  AS  3  :  4. — (continued.} 


T  g  9  ft. 

T  it  ft. 

T  n.  2  ft.  'T  16.4  ft. 

T  i7.6ft.'Ti9.8ft. 

T  22   ft. 

Fall 

per 

M  -i 

Fall 
per 

r>  _  J 

B  4-5  ft. 
D  3.6  ft. 
Section 

B    5  ft 
D   4  ft. 
Section 

B    6.0  ft. 
D    4  8  ft. 
Section 

B      7.0  ft. 

D    5.6ft. 
Section 

B    8.0  ft. 
D    6.4  ft. 
Section 

B    9.0  ft. 
D    7.2ft. 
Section 

B  10  ft. 
D    8ft. 
Section 

lie 
Ft. 

Rod. 
In. 

25.92 

32 

46.09 

62.72 

81.55, 

103  68 

128 

sq    ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

I 

•0375 

28.04 

37-1 

56-4 

96.5 

138.3 

189.2 

26l.2 

2 

.0750 

39-67 

52.4 

82.7 

136.4 

195-7 

267.6 

369.4 

3 

.1125 

48  59 

64.2 

101.4 

167.1 

239-6 

327-7 

45L3 

4 

.1500 

56.10 

74.1 

II7.I 

192.9 

276.7 

378.4 

522.3 

5 

.1875 

62.71 

82.9 

130.9 

215.7 

309.3 

423.1 

584-0 

6 

.2250 

68.70 

90.8 

143-4 

236.3 

338.8 

463.5 

639-8 

7 

.2625 

74.19 

98.1 

154.8 

255-3 

366.0 

500.5 

691.0 

8 

.3000 

79-53 

104.8 

165.5 

272.9 

391.2 

535-1 

738.7 

9 

•3375 

84.14 

III.  I 

175-6 

289.4 

415.0 

56/.6 

783.5 

10 

•  3750 

88.68 

II7.I 

185.1 

305.0 

437-4 

598.2 

825.9 

IT 

.4125 

93-02 

122.9 

194.1 

319.9 

458.7 

613.2 

866.2 

12 

•4500 

97-15 

128  4 

202.8 

334-2 

479.1 

655-4 

925.6 

13 

.4875 

101.13. 

133  6 

211.  1 

347-8 

498.7 

682.1 

941.7 

14 

•  5250 

104.94 

138.7 

219.0 

360.9 

517.5 

707.8 

977.2 

15 

•5625 

108.63 

I43.S 

226.6 

373-6 

535-7 

732.8 

1011.5 

16 

.6000 

112.18 

148.2 

234.1 

385.9 

553-3 

756.7 

1044.7 

17 

.6375 

115-64 

152.4 

241.3 

397-8 

570.3 

780.1 

1076.9 

18 

.6750 

118.99 

157.2 

248.3 

409-3 

586.9 

802.7 

1108.1- 

19 

•  7125 

122.26 

161.5 

255.1 

420.5 

601.5 

824.8 

1138.4 

20 

.7500 

125-43 

165.7 

261.7 

431-4 

618.5 

846.1 

1168.0 

21 

.7875 

128.53 

169.8 

268.2 

442.0 

633-9 

867.0 

1196.8 

22 

.8250 

I3i.55 

173-8 

274-5 

452-5 

648.8 

8874 

1225.0 

23 

.8625 

I34-5I 

177-7 

280.7 

462.9 

663.4 

907.4 

1252.6 

24 

.9000 

137.40 

181.5 

286.7 

472.6 

677.7 

926.0 

1279-5 

25 

•9375 

140.24 

185-3 

292.6 

482.3 

691.6 

946.0 

1306.0 

In  Tables,  T  signifies  top  width;  B,  bottom  width;  D,  depth. 


200  APPENDIX. 

FLOW    OF   WATER    IN    OPEN    CHANNELS—  (Continued.') 

Question  :  Required  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  that  will 
flow  in  a  canal  whose  top  width  is  40  feet,  bottom  width  20  feet, 
depth  5  feet>  and  whose  fall  is  2  feet  per  mile. 

Answer  :  In  this  table,  in  column  "Fall  per  Mile,"  find  2  feet, 
opposite  which  in  column  headed  with  the  given  specifications 
(40,  20,  5)  is  found  the  required  flow,  viz., 376.1  cubic  feet. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    IN    OPEN    CHANNELS, 
BASE    TO    PERPENDICULAR    OF    THE    SIDE    SLOPES 


BEING    AS 


1. 


T6ft. 

Toft. 

Tl2    ft. 

T  16  ft. 

T   22   ft. 

T  28  ft. 

T  40  ft. 

82  ft. 

B3ft. 

B    4  ft. 

B  6  ft. 

B  10  ft. 

B    12   ft. 

B  20  ft. 

Fall 

Fall 

D  i  ft. 

D  1.5  ft. 

D      2   ft. 

D2.r,fl. 

D    3  ft. 

D   4  ft. 

D    5  ft. 

per  Mile. 

per  Rod. 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Section 

Feet. 

Feet. 

4 

9 

16 

27  5 

48 

3° 

!5° 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

sq.  ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Fi. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

Cu.  Ft. 

•  5 

.01875 

1.27 

3-85 

8.63 

i8.ii 

8.79 

78.2 

I88.I 

.6667 

.0250 

1.46 

4.44 

9.96 

20.91 

44.79 

903 

217.2 

.8333 

.03125 

1.63 

4.96 

11.14 

23-38 

50.08 

IOI.O 

242.8 

i 

•0375 

1-79 

5-44 

12.  2O 

25.61 

54-86 

110.6 

266.0 

1.25 

.046875 

2.OO 

6.08 

I3-64 

28.68 

61.32 

123.7 

297.4 

i-5 

.05625 

2.IQ 

6.67 

14.96 

31.34 

67.26 

135  7 

326.1 

1-75 

.065625 

2-37 

7.19 

I6.I4 

33-88 

72  57 

146.4 

351.8 

2 

.0750 

2.53 

7.69 

17.26 

36.22 

77.58 

156.5 

376.1 

"    2.25 

.084375 

2.68 

8.16 

18.30 

38.42 

82.29 

165.9 

399-0 

2-5 

•09375 

2.83 

8.60 

19  29 

40.50 

86.72 

174.9 

420.6 

3 

.1125 

3-10 

9.42 

21.14 

44.36 

95-oo 

191.6 

460.7 

3-5 

.13125 

3-35 

IO.I7 

22.83 

47.91 

132.  6 

207.0 

497-6 

4 

.1500 

3-58 

10.87 

24.41 

51-22 

109.7 

221.3 

531-9 

4-5 

.16875 

3-79 

11-54 

25.88 

54-33 

II6.3 

234-7 

564-2 

5 

.1875 

4.00 

12.  l6 

27.29 

57-27 

122.7 

247.4 

594-8 

6 

.2250 

4.38 

13.31 

29.89 

62.74 

134.4 

271.0 

651.5 

7 

.2625 

4-73 

14-39 

32.29 

67.79 

I45-I 

292.7 

703-6 

8 

.3000 

5.06 

15.38 

34-52 

72.43 

155-2 

312.9 

752.2 

9 

•3375 

5-37 

16.31 

36.61 

76.83 

164.6 

331-9 

797.9 

10 

•3750 

5-66 

17.19 

38.59 

80.99 

173-5 

349-9 

841  i 

ii 

.4125 

5-93 

18.03 

40.47 

84.94 

181.9 

366.9 

882.1 

12 

.4500 

6.  20 

18.74 

42.27 

88.72 

I9O.I 

383-2 

921-5 

In  Tables,  T  signifies  top  width  ;  B,  bottom  width  ;  D,  depth. 


APPENDIX.  201 


RELATIVE  CARRYING  CAPACITY  OF  OPEN  CHANNELS 
WHOSE  SECTIONAL  AREAS  ARE  EQUAL  TO  EACH 
OTHER  BUT  OF  DIFFERENT  FORMS. 

The  form  in  which  the  bottom  width  is  made  equal 
to  one  of  the  sides,  and  in  which  the  base  to  the  per- 
pendicular of  the  side  slope  is  as  3 :  4,  has  been 
adopted  as  the  standard  form  when  the  ground  will 
admit,  it  being  the  simplest  of  construction. 

The  relative  carrying  capacity  for  trapezoidal  form — 
Base  :  depth  of  slope  : :  3:4;  bottom  width  :  depth  : : 
5:4.  Coefficient  of  capacity,  1000. 

Trapezoidal  form — Base  :  depth  of  slope  :  :  I  :  I  ; 
bottom  width  =  depth,  .994. 

Coefficients:  flume,  2:1,  .961  ;  semi-hexagonal, 
1.008;  square,  .925;  semicircular,  1.056. 

Question:  The  fall  being  6  feet  per  mile,  the  sec- 
tional area  of  a  square  flume  8  square  feet,  what  will 
be  its  carrying  capacity  per  second  ? 

Answer:  In  table  showing  Flow  of  Water  in  Open 
Channels — Base  to  Perpendicular  of  Side  Slopes  being 
as  3:4,  in  column  of  "  Fall  per  Mile,"  find  the  given 
fall  6  feet,  opposite  which  in  column  headed  "  sectn. 
8.0  sq.  ft."  is  found  13.65  cubic  feet.  This  multi- 
plied by  the  coefficient  for  a  square,  viz.,  .925,  gives 
13.64  X  .925  =  12.63  cubic  feet. 

Remarks. — The  tables  for  the  flow  of  water  in  open 


202  APPENDIX. 

channels  have   been   computed  upon  the  assumption 
that  the  canals  are  smooth  and  straight. 

FLOW    OF   WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES. 

Question:  The  head  being  125  feet,  how  many 
cubic  feet  per  second  will  a  nozzle  4  inches  in  diam- 
eter discharge  ?  How  many  miners'  inches  ? 

Answer:  In  this  table  find  in  the  first  column  the 
given  head  125  feet,  opposite  which  in  column  headed 
"four  inches"  will  be  found  the  required  quantity, 
viz.,  7.28  cubic  feet  X  50  =  364  miners'  inches. 

Question  :  Between  the  inlet  and  the  nozzles  of  a 
hydraulic  pipe  3  feet  in  diameter  the  distance  is  five 
miles  and  the  total  fall  275  feet.  The  pipe  is  to  carry 
2000  miners'  inches  of  water,  which  is  to  be  dis- 
charged through  two  "Little  Giants,"  or  nozzles 
equal  f-n  size.  What  will  be  the  loss  of  head  by  the 
resistance  in  the  main  pipe?  What  will  be  the  size 
of  each  nozzle  ? 

Answer:  In  table  showing  Flow  of  Water  through 
Clean  Iron  Pipes  find  in  column  headed  36  Inches 
that  number  which  multiplied  by  50  will  make  2000, 
the  given  number  of  miners  inches.  In  this  case 
40.86  approximates  sufficient^  near,  opposite  which 
in  column  headed  "Fall  per  Mile"  is  found  14.78 
feet,  the  loss  of  head  per  mile.  Multiply  this  by  5, 
the  length  of  the  pipe,  and  we  have  14.78  X  5  =  73.9 


APPENDIX.  203 

feet,  the  loss  of  resistance  in  the  pipe  5  miles  long. 
Subtracting  this  from  the  total  head,  275  —  73.9  — 
201.1  feet  remaining  head.  Again,  in  the  table  find 
200  nearest  201.1  feet  in  column  headed  "Head," 
opposite  which  in  column  headed  "6  inches"  is 
found  20.64,  which  multiplied  by  50  gives  1.032,  or 
approximately  1000  miners'  inches,  which  each  nozzle 
is  required  to  discharge.  Hence  the  nozzles  are  to 
be  6  inches  in  diameter  each. 


204 


APPENDIX. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES — 
QUANTITY    AND    HORSE-POWER. 


3 

»'l 

*1j 

Diameters  of  Nozzles. 

s, 

>Sfc 

tSfc, 

Head 

b 

1 

..y 

.S-° 

.  o 

.S3 

8W 

i  Inch. 

i  .5  Inches. 

2  Inches. 

2.5  Inches. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

H.P. 

M 
H.P. 

Cubic'  TT  p 
Feet.  H'P- 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

i 

8.025 

.106 

.212 

.041    .0046 

•093 

.010 

.164 

.018 

-255 

.029 

i  .5 

9-83 

.158 

.316 

.050'   .0085 

.in 

019 

.200 

•034 

.312 

•053 

2 

"•35 

.211 

.422 

.058      .013 

.130 

.029 

.232 

.052 

.360 

.082 

2-5 

12.68 

.264 

.528 

.064      .018 

.041 

.256 

.072 

.402 

.114 

3 

13.90 

•3I7 

•634 

.061      .024 

•  159 

•054 

.284 

.096 

•44° 

.150 

3-5 
4 

15.01 
16.05 

•370 
.421 

.740 
.842 

.016 

.081 

.030 
•03 

.068 
•  083 

•  324 

.  1  20 

.148 

•475 
•5°7 

.189 

.231 

4-5 
5 

17.02 
17-95 

•474 
•  528 

.948 
I.  06 

.086 
.091 

.044 
•  05I 

.194 
.205 

•  099 
•"3 

•344 
•3°4 

.176 
.204 

y 

•275 
•315 

6 

19.66 

•634 

1.27 

.100 

.068 

.2^4 

•153 

.400 

.272 

.622 

•425 

7 

21.23 

•739 

1.48 

.108 

.086 

.242 

•193 

.432 

•  344 

.672 

•535 

7-5 

21.98 

.702 

I.58 

.in 

•095 

.250 

.214 

•444 

•  380 

•697 

•595 

10 

25-38 

i.  06 

2.12 

.129      .146 

.290 

•  329 

•  516 

•  584 

.805 

•9*5 

I2-5 

28.37 

1.32 

2.64 

.144      .204 

•  324 

.46 

•  566 

.816 

.897 

1.28 

»5 

31.08 

1-59 

3-l8 

.158      .269 

•355 

•505 

.632 

i.  08 

•985 

1.68 

'7-5 

33-57 

1.85 

3-70 

.170       -339 

•383 

.782 

.680 

1.36 

.06 

2.  II 

20 

35-89 

2.  II 

4.22 

.182       .414 

.410 

•931 

.728 

1.66 

.14 

2.58 

22.5 

38-07 

2.38 

4.76 

.193       -494 

•435 

i.  ii 

•772 

1.98 

.21 

3.08 

25 

40.13 

2.64 

5.28 

.204 

.578 

.458 

1.30 

.816 

2.31 

.27 

27-5 
30 

42.08 
43-95 

2.90 
3-02 

5.80 
6.04 

.213 
.228 

.660 
.760 

.480 
•513 

1.50 
1.71 

•  852 
.912 

2.60 
3-°4 

•33 
•42 

4.17 

4-75 

32.5 

45-75 

3-34 

6.68 

.232'      .857 

.522 

1.93 

.928 

3-43 

•45 

5-35 

35 

47-47 

3-69 

7.38 

•24l|        .958 

•542 

2-15 

•964 

3-83 

•51 

5-t>8 

40 

50-75 

4.22 

8-44 

.257!        I.I7 

•579 

2.63 

•  03 

4.68 

.61 

7-31 

45 

53-83 

4-75 

.273 

1.40 

.614 

3-I4 

.09 

5.60 

•71 

8.23 

£ 

til 

5.28 
6-34 

10.56 
12.68 

.288 
•385 

1.64 
2.15 

.648 

•  70Q 

3-68 
4-84 

•IS 
.26 

6.56 
8.60 

•79 

•97 

10.22 
13-43 

70 

67.14 

7-39 

14.78 

•341 

2.71 

.766 

6.10 

•36 

10.84 

16.93 

80 

71.78 

8.46 

16.90 

•364 

3-3' 

.819 

7-45 

.46 

13-24 

.27 

2O.69 

90 

76.  13 

9-53 

19.06 

3-95 

.864 

8.88 

•54 

15.80 

•44 

24.68 

100 

80.25 

10.56 

21  .  12 

.407 

4-63 

.916 

10.41 

•63 

18.52 

•54 

28.90 

"5 

89.72 

13.21 

26.42 

•455 

6-47 

.02 

14-55 

.82 

25.88 

40.40 

150 

98.28 

15-85 

3I-7O 

•499 

8.50 

.  12 

19.12 

.00 

34-00 

•.ii 

S3-12 

175 

106.  i 

18.50 

37.00 

•539 

10.70 

.21 

24.07 

.16 

42.80 

36 

66.86 

200 

"3-5 

21.14 

42.28 

.576 

I3-1 

•29 

29-43 

30 

52-4 

•50 

8i.75 

250 

127.1 

26.62 

52.84 

-644 

18.3 

•45 

•58 

73-2 

.02 

114. 

300 

139.0 

31-70 

63.40 

•7°5 

24.0 

•59 

54-07 

.82 

96.0 

.40 

150- 

350 

150.1 

37.08 

74.16 

.762 

3°-3 

68.15 

3-05 

121.  2 

•76 

189. 

400 

160.5 

42.27 

84-54 

.814 

37-0 

^83 

83.25 

3-26 

148.0 

5-°9 

231. 

450 

170.2 

47.64 

95-28 

.864 

44-2 

•94 

99-34 

3  46 

176.8 

5  40 

276. 

500       179  4 

52.84 

105-7 

.010 

•05 

116.5 

3-64 

206.8 

5-6o 

323- 

550      188.2 

58.22 

116.4 

•955 

59-7 

.  10 

134.2 

3-82 

238.8 

5-96 

372.7 

600     1196.6 

63.41 

126.8 

•999 

68.0 

•23 

152-9 

3-99 

272.0 

6.23 

475-0 

700       |2I2.3 

73-98 

I48.0 

i.  06 

85.7 

•46 

192.8 

4-36 

342.8 

6.79 

535-5 

800 

226.9 

84.55 

169.  I 

1-15 

104.7 

•58 

235-5 

4.60 

418.8 

7.19 

654-0 

900 

240.7 

95-14 

190.3 

1.22 

124.9 

•75 

281.0 

4.88 

499-6 

7-63 

780.5 

1000 

253-8 

105.6 

211  .2 

1.29 

146.2 

.89 

329.0 

584-8 

804 

914.0 

APPENDIX. 


205 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES 

QUANTITY    AND    HORSE-POWER (continued.) 


cj 

V 

II 

|| 

Diameters  of  Nozzles. 

Head 

0. 
| 

.  u 

.ss 

.s'.s 

8^4- 

3  Inches. 

3.5  Inches. 

4  Inches. 

4.5  Inches. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

H.P. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

i 

8.025 

.308 

.424 

•  372 

.040 

•5° 

.056 

.656 

.072 

.81 

.090 

1  -5 

9-83 

•474 

.632 

•444 

.076 

.61 

.105 

.800 

.136 

.00 

.171 

2 

"•35 

-633 

.844 

.520 

.116 

•7° 

.160 

.928 

.208 

•17 

.260 

2-5 

12.68 

.792 

i.  06 

.58 

.164 

•79 

.224 

i  ,02 

.288 

•30 

•370 

3 

13.90 

1.27 

.636 

.216 

.86 

•295 

•14 

.384 

•43 

4-85 

3-5 

15.01 

.110 

i.48 

.684 

.272 

•94 

•37° 

.22 

.480 

-54 

.612 

4 

16.05 

.26 

1.68 

•742 

•  332 

.02 

•452 

•30 

•  592 

.64 

.742 

4-5 

17.02 

•42 

1.90 

.776 

.396 

.06 

•  540 

.38 

.704 

74 

.8.5 

17-95 

-58 

2.12 

.820 

•  452 

.  II 

.600 

.46 

.816 

.84 

i.  02 

6 

19.66 

.90 

2-54 

.896 

.612 

.22 

.833 

.60 

1.09 

.01 

1.38 

7 

21.23 

.  22 

2.96 

968 

.772 

•32 

1.05 

•73 

1.38 

.18 

1-74 

7-5 

21.98 

-38 

3-16 

.00 

.856 

.36 

1.16 

-78 

1.52 

•25 

1.92 

10 

25-38 

4.24 

.16 

1.32 

•57 

1.79 

.16 

2.34 

.61 

2.97 

12-5 

28.37 

3^96 

5-28 

•3° 

1.84 

.76 

2.50 

•30 

3-46 

.92 

4-i4 

15 

31.08 

4  77 

6.36 

.42 

2.42 

•93 

3-29 

•53 

4-32 

3-19 

5-44 

17-5 

33-57 

5-55 

7.40 

•53 

3-13 

.08 

4.20 

.72 

5-44 

3-44 

7.04 

20 

6-33 

8.44 

.64 

3-72 

•23 

5-07 

•9i 

6.64 

3-69 

8-37 

22-5 

38.07 

7.14 

9-52 

•74 

4-44 

.36 

6.05 

3-09 

7.92 

3-9' 

9-99 

25 

40.13 

7.92 

10.56 

•83 

5-20 

•54 

7.08 

3.26 

9.24 

4.12 

11.70 

27-5 

42.08 

8.70 

1  1.  60 

.92 

6.00 

.61 

8.17 

10.68 

4-3a 

13.50 

30 

43-95 

9.06 

12.08 

•05 

6.84 

•79 

9-31 

3-65 

12.  16 

4.61 

i's-39 

32.5 

45-75 

O.O2 

13-36 

.09 

7.72 

.84 

10.50 

3-71 

13-72 

4.70 

17-37 

35 
40 

47-47 
5°-75 

1.07 

2.66 

14.76 
16.88 

•17 
•32 

8.60 
10.52 

•95 
3-'5 

11.71 
14-33 

3-86 
4.12 

15-32 
18.72 

4.88 

5-22 

19-35 
23-67 

45 

53-83 

4-25 

19.00 

.46 

12.56 

3-34 

17.10 

4-36 

22.40 

5-54 

28.25 

5° 

5-84 

21.12 

•59 

14-72 

S-S2 

20.03 

4.60 

26.24 

5-83 

32.12 

60 

62.10 

9.20 

25-36 

-84 

19-36 

3.86 

26.32 

5-°4 

34-4° 

6-39 

70 

67-14 

22.  T7 

29.56 

3-o6 

24.40 

4.17 

33-17 

5-42 

43-36 

6.84 

54-9° 

80 

71-78 

25-36 

33-86 

3-28 

20.80 

4.40 

40.55 

5-8i 

52.96 

7-38 

67.05 

90 

76-13 

28.59 

38-12 

3-4^ 

35-52 

4-73 

48.37 

6.16 

68.20 

7-78 

79.92 

IOO 

80.25 

31-68 

42.24 

3-66 

41-64 

4.98 

56.67 

6.52 

74.08 

8.23 

93-70 

125 

89.72 

39-63 

52.84 

4.08 

58.20 

5-57 

79.20 

7.28 

103.5 

9.18 

130-9 

98.28 

47  55 

63.40 

4.48 

76.48 

6.10 

104.10 

8.00 

136.0 

io*oC 

172.1 

I7S 

106.1 

55-5° 

74-00 

4.84 

96.28 

6.60 

131.07 

8.04 

171.2 

10.89 

216.6 

200 

'13-5 

63-42 

84-56 

5-io 

117.7 

7-05 

160.22 

9.20 

219.6 

ii.  61 

261.7 

250 

127.1 

7,.  26 

105-7 

5-8o 

164.5 

7.S8 

223.92 

10.32 

292.8 

13-05 

370-2 

300 

139.0 

95-io 

120.8 

6.36 

216.3 

8.63 

294-3 

11.28 

384.0 

14.31 

486.9 

350 

150.  i 

III  .2 

148.3 

6.84 

273.6 

9-33 

37i-2 

12.20 

484.8 

iS-39 

613.2 

400 

.60.5 

126.8 

169.1 

7-32 

323.0 

9-97 

453-2 

13.0^ 

592.0 

i6-47 

749-2 

45° 

170.2 

142.9 

190.6 

7.76 

397-4 

10.  58 

541.0 

13.84 

707.2 

17.46 

894.2 

500 

179.4 

158.5 

211.4 

8.20 

406.0 

11.15 

627.0 

14.56 

827.2 

18.45 

104.8 

55° 

188.2 

174-7 

232.8 

8  40 

536  8 

11.69 

731-0 

15.28 

955-2 

18.90 

1208 

600 

196.6 

190.2 

253.6 

8.92 

611.0 

12.21 

832.7 

15.96 

1080.0 

20.07 

1376 

700 

212.3 

221  .9 

296.0 

9.84 

771.2 

13.31 

1051 

17.44 

1371.2 

22.  I^ 

1735 

800 

226.9 

253-6 

338.2 

10.32 

942.0 

14.10 

1282 

18.40 

1675.2 

23.22 

2119 

900 

240.7 

285.4 

380.6 

11.00 

1124 

14-9 

1530 

19.52 

1998.4 

24-75 

2529 

1OOO 

253-8 

316.8 

422.4 

11.56 

1316 

15.76 

1791 

30.64 

2339.2 

26.OO 

2961 

2O6 


APPENDIX. 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES — 
QUANTITY    AND    HORSE-POWER — (continued^] 


1 

u'S 

II 

Diameters  of  Nozzles. 

Head 

^ 

d-s 

•.« 

1 

.«  ^ 
8VO 

s3 

800 
00 

5  Inches. 

5.5  Inches. 

6  Inches. 

7  Inches. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

H.P. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

lubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

i 

8.025 

.616 

8.8 

.02 

.116 

1.23 

.140 

1.49 

.100 

1.99 

.226 

1-5 

9-83 

.948 

1.26 

•25 

.212 

1-51 

•257 

1.78 

.304 

2.44 

.420 

2 

ii-35 

1.27 

1.69 

•44 

•327 

i-74 

-395 

2.08 

.464 

2.82 

.641 

2-5 

12.68 

1-58 

2.11 

.61 

•457 

i-95 

•553 

2.32 

.656 

3-i5 

.896 

3 

13.90 

1.90 

2-54 

.76 

.601 

2.13 

-727 

2-54 

.864 

3-45 

1.18 

3-5 

15.01 

2.22 

2.96 

.90 

•757 

2.31 

.9.6 

2-74 

1.09 

3.78 

1.48 

4 

16.05 

2-53 

3-37 

•  03 

•925 

2.46 

1.12 

2.97 

i-33 

4.09 

1.81 

4-5 

17.02 

2.84 

3-79 

.  16 

1  .  IO 

2-51 

i-33 

1-58 

4-23 

2.16 

i 

17-95 
19.66 

s'si 

4-24 
5-o8 

•27 
•49 

1.26 
1.70 

2-75 
3-02 

i-53 
2.05 

**? 

3.58 

i.  81 
2-45 

4-40 
4.88 

2.48 
3-33 

7 

21.23 

4-44 

5-92 

.69 

2.14 

3-26 

2-  55 

3-87 

3-09 

5-28 

4.20 

7-5 

21.98 

6.32 

-79 

2.38 

3-42 

2.87 

4.00 

3-42 

5-40 

4.66 

10 

25-38 

6.36 

8.48 

3-22 

3-66 

3-89 

4-42 

4.64 

5.28 

6.30 

7.16 

12-5 

28.37 

7.92 

10.56 

3-59 

4-3 

6.r8 

5-20 

7.36 

7-05 

IO.O2 

15 

31.08 

9-54 

12.72 

3-94 

6*72 

4  76 

8.13 

5-68 

8.08 

7.72 

13.17 

17.5 

33-57 

II.  10 

14.80 

4.26 

8.46 

10.24 

6.12 

12.52 

8-34 

16.80 

20 

35-8o 

12.66 

16.88 

4-55 

10.34 

5-50 

12.51 

6.56 

14-88 

8.92 

20.28 

22.5 

38.07 

14.28 

19.04 

4-83 

12.34 

5-84 

14-93 

6.96 

17-76 

9.46 

24.20 

25 

40.13 

15.84 

21.12 

5-09 

14-45 

6.16 

17-49 

7-32 

20.80 

10.15 

28-33 

27-5 

42  08 

17.40 

23.20 

5-34 

16.67 

6.46 

20.  18 

7.68 

24.00 

10.40 

32.08 

3° 

43-95 

18.12 

24.16 

5.70 

19.00 

6.90 

22.99 

8.20 

27.36 

11.  18 

37-25 

32-5 

45-75 

20.04 

26.72 

5-80 

21.42 

7.02 

25.92 

8.36 

30.88 

ii-37 

41-99 

35 

47-47 

22.14 

29.52 

6.02 

23-94 

7.28 

28.97 

8.68 

33-40 

11.80 

46.84 

40 

5°-75 

25-32 

6-44 

29  25 

7-78 

83-39 

9.28 

42.08 

12.61 

57-33 

45 

53-83 

29.50 

38.00 

6.82 

34-9° 

8.26 

42.23 

9.84 

50.24 

13-38 

68.40 

5° 

56  75 

31.68 

42.24 

7.19 

40.87 

8.70 

49.46 

10.36 

58.88 

14.10 

80.  1  1 

60 

62.16 

38.04 

50.72 

7.88 

53-72 

9-54 

65  .01 

".36 

77-44 

15-44 

105-3 

70 

67  14 

44-34 

59.12 

8.51 

67.72 

10.30 

81.95 

12.24 

97.60 

16.09 

80 

71.78 

50-74 

67-64 

9.  10 

82.76 

1  1  .01 

IOO.  I 

13.12 

119.2 

17-84 

162.2 

90 

76-13 

57-iS 

76.24 

9-65 

98.72 

11-58 

119-5 

13.84 

142.1 

18.92 

193-5 

IOO 

80.25 

63-36 

84.48 

10.  17 

115.6 

12    31 

139-9 

14.64 

166.6 

19.94 

226.7 

125 

89.72 

79.26 

95-68 

11.38 

161.6 

I3-76 

195-0 

16.32 

232.8 

22.30 

316.8 

150 

98.28 

95-10 

126.8 

12.46 

212.5 

15.08 

257.0 

17.92 

3°5-9 

24.42 

416.4 

'75 

106.1 

in  .0 

148.0 

13.46 

267.5 

I5-29 

31.3-7 

19.36 

385.1 

26.39 

524-3 

200 

"3-5 

126.8 

169.1 

14.34 

327.0 

17.51 

395-7 

20.64 

470.8 

28.20 

640.9 

250 

127.1 

158-5 

211.4 

16.09 

457  -° 

19.47 

553-0 

23.20 

658.0 

31.54 

8^.7 

300 

139.0 

190.2 

253-6 

17.62 

6ot.o 

21-33 

726.9 

25-44 

865.2 

34-54 

"77 

35° 

150.1 

222.5 

296.6 

19.04 

757-2 

22    04 

916.3 

27.36 

1090.4 

37.32 

1485 

400 

160.5 

253-6 

338.2 

20.35 

925.0 

24.62 

"79 

29.28 

1332 

29  89 

1813 

45° 

170.2 

285.8 

381.1 

21-59 

1104 

26.  12 

1335 

31.04 

42.31 

2164 

500 

'79-4 

317-1 

422.8 

22.75 

1293 

27-54 

1565 

32-80 

liS 

44.00 

2508 

550 

188  2 

349-2 

465.6 

23.86 

M91 

28.88    1805 

33-60 

2147 

46.78 

2923 

600 

196.0 

380.4 

507.2 

24-93 

1699 

30.l6  2056 

35.08 

2446 

48.86 

3331 

700 

212.3 

444-0 

592  o 

27.18 

2142 

32.88   2591 

39-36 

3085 

53-26 

4203 

800 

226.  Q 

507-3 

676.4 

28.772616 

34.92   3166 

41.28 

3768 

56.40 

5129 

900 

1000 

240.7 
253-8 

570-9 
633-6 

761.2 
844.8 

30-523122 
32.17,3656 

36.  94'3778 
38.93  4424 

44.00 
46.24 

4496 
5264 

59.83 
63.06 

6120 
7166 

1 

APPENDIX. 


207 


TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF    WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES — 
QUANTITY    AND    HORSE-POWER. 


J 

.   . 

S5*j 

C/3 

r*    V 

Diameters  of  Nozzles. 

V 

U  Ct. 
J5    0 

jsfc 

Head 

D. 

-'2 

c'% 

1 

¥° 

S3 

Q   0 

8  Inches. 

9  Inches. 

10  Inches. 

12  Inches. 

Feet. 

y 

Feet. 

H.P. 

2  " 
H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

i 

8.025 

i.  06 

2.12 

2.62 

.288 

3-35 

.360 

4.07 

.46 

5-96 

.904 

i  .5 

9-83 

1.58 

3.  ,6 

3-20 

-544 

3-99 

.684 

4-99 

.85 

7.12 

1.68 

2 

"•35 

2.  II 

4.22 

3-71 

.832 

4.68 

1.04 

5.76 

'•3 

8.32 

2.56 

2.5 

12.68 

2.64 

5-28 

4.08 

5.22 

1.48 

6.44 

1.83 

9.28 

3-.S8 

3 

13.90 

3-  17 

6-34 

4-56 

I-54 

5-72 

1.94 

7-05 

2.40 

0.16 

4.72 

3-5 

15.01 

3.70 

7.40 

4-88 

1.92 

6.16 

2.45 

7.62 

3-03 

o.q6 

5-92 

4 

16.05 

4.21 

8.42 

5.20 

2-37 

6.58 

2.99 

8.14 

3-70 

1.88 

7  24 

4-5 

17    02 

4-74 

9-48 

S-S2 

2.81 

6.98 

3-26 

8.64 

4.42 

2.40 

8.64 

5 

J7-95 

5-28 

10.6 

5-84 

3-26 

7-38 

4.07 

9.10 

5-°5 

3.12 

9.92 

6 

19.66 

6-34 

12.7 

6.40 

4-36 

8.06 

5-51 

9-97 

6.80 

4-32 

13-32 

7 

21.23 

7-39 

14.8 

6.92 

5-52 

8.71 

6-95 

10.77 

8.57 

5-48 

16.80 

7-5 

21.98 

7.92 

15-8 

7.12 

6.08 

9.00 

7.70 

11.14 

9-50 

6.00 

18.64 

25-38 

10.6 

21.2 

8.64 

9.36 

10.41 

11.88 

12.87 

8.c;6 

28.64 

1    -5 

28.37 

13.2 

26.4 

9.20 

13-84 

11.70 

16.56 

14-39 

20.44 

0.80 

40.08 

i 

'5-9 

31-8 

10.12 

17.28 

12.78 

21.78 

15.76 

26.87 

2.72 

52.68 

i    -5 

33-57 

18.5 

37-o 

10.88 

21.76 

13-77 

28.17 

33-86 

4.48 

67.20 

2 

3S.8g 

21.  I 

42.2 

11.64 

26.56 

14.76 

33-48 

18.20 

41-37 

6.24 

8l.I2 

2   -5 

38.07 

23.8 

47-6 

12.36 

31-68 

15.66 

39-96 

I9-31 

49-37 

7-84 

96.80 

25 

40.13 

26.4 

52.8 

13.04 

36.96 

16.47 

46.80 

20.35 

57-82 

9.28 

"3-3 

27.5 

42.08 

29.0 

58.0 

13-64 

42.72 

17.28 

54-00 

21.34 

66.70 

30.72 

30 

43-95 

30.2 

60.4 

14.60 

48.64 

18.45 

61.56 

22.81 

76.01 

32.80 

149.0 

32-5 

35 

45-75 
47-47 

33.4 
36.9 

66.8 
73-8 

14.84 
15.44 

54-88 
61.28 

18.81 

69.48 
77.40 

23.20 
24.08 

85.70 
95.78 

33-44 
34.72 

168.9 
187.4 

40 

50.75 

42.2 

84.4 

16.48 

74-88 

20!  88 

94-68 

25-74 

117.0 

37-12 

229.3 

45 

53-83 

47-5 

95-o 

17.44 

89.60 

22.14 

113.0 

27.30 

139.6 

39.36 

273.6 

50 

56.75 

52.8 

105.6 

18.40 

105.0 

23-31 

128.5 

28.78 

'63.5 

41.44 

320.4 

60 

62.16 

63-4 

126.8 

20.16 

137.6 

25-56 

174.2 

31-53 

214.9 

45-44 

421  .2 

70 

67.14 

73-9 

147.8 

21.68 

173-4 

27-54 

219.6 

34.06 

270.9 

48.96 

530.8 

80 

71-78 

84.6 

169.0 

23.36 

2TI.8 

29.52 

268.2 

36.41 

331-0 

52.48 

648.8 

90 

76.13 

95-3 

190.6 

24.64 

252.8 

3I-I4 

3I9-7 

38.61 

394-9 

55.36 

774.0 

100 

'25 

80.25 
89.72 

106.6 
132.1 

211.  2 

264.2 

26.08 
29.12 

296.3 
414.0 

32-94 
36.72 

374-8 
523.8 

40.70 
45-51 

462.5 
646.5 

58.56 
65.28 

906.8 
1267 

98.28 

158.5 

3I7.O 

32.00 

554-0 

40.32 

688.3 

49-85 

849.8 

71.68 

1666 

»75 

06.  i 

185.0 

370.0 

34-56 

684.8 

4.3  •  S6 

866.5 

53.85 

1070 

77-44 

2097 

20  _> 

I3-5 

211.4 

422.8 

36.80 

878.4 

46.44 

57.56 

1308 

82.56 

2564 

250 

27.1 

264.2 

528.4 

41.28 

1171 

52.20 

1481 

64-36 

1828 

92.80 

3583 

300 

39-0 

317  o 

634.0 

45.12 

1536 

57.24 

1947 

70-50 

2403 

101.76 

4708 

350 

50.1 

370.8 

741.6 

48.80 

1949 

61  .56 

2453 

76.15 

3029 

109.4 

5940 

400 

60.5 

422.7 

845.4 

52.16 

2368 

65.88 

2997 

81.41 

37°o 

117.1 

7252 

450 

70.2 

476.4 

952.8 

55.36 

2829 

69.84 

3577 

86.35 

4415 

124.2 

8656 

500 

79-4 

528.4 

1057 

58-24 

3409 

73.80 

4194 

91  .02 

5'72 

131.2 

10032 

550 

88.2 

582  .  2 

Il64 

6l  .  12 

3821 

75.60 

4831 

95-46 

5966 

11692 

600 

96.6 

634.1 

1268 

63.84 

4352 

80.28 

5504 

99.71 

6798 

142.7 

13324 

700 

12.3 

739-8 

1480 

69.76 

5485 

88.56 

6191 

108.7 

8567 

I57-4 

16812 

800 

26.9 

845-5 

l6gi 

73.60 

6701 

92.88 

8478 

115.1 

10468 

165.1 

20516 

900 

40.7 

1903 

78.08 

7994 

99.00 

10116 

122.  ^ 

12489 

176.0 

24480 

IOOO 

53-8 

1056 

21  12 

82.56 

9357 

104.0 

11844 

I28.7 

14624 

185.0 

28664 

208  APPENDIX. 

EXPLANATION    OF    PIPE    TABLES. 

The  tables  for  sheet-iron  pipe  are  arranged  as 
follows : 

COLUMN  No.  I  gives  the  diameter  of  the  pipe  in 
inches. 

COLUMN  No.  2  is  the  area  in  square  inches  corre- 
sponding to  the  diameter. 

COLUMN  No.  3  is  the  thickness  of  the  iron  or  steel 
in  decimal  parts  of  an  inch. 

COLUMN  No.  4  is  the  thickness  of  the  iron  or  steel 
by  the  Birmingham  wire  gauge. 

COLUMN  No.  5  is  the  working  pressure  the  pipe 
will  be  subjected  to  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  allow- 
10,000  pounds  tensile  strain  per  sectional  inch  of  iron, 
deducting  25  per  cent  for  riveted  joints. 

For  steel  pipes  use  14,000  pounds  tensile  strain  per 
sectional  inch;  deduct  25  per  cent  for  riveted  joints. 
Hence,  working  pressure  for  steel  pipe  may  be  taken 
40  per  cent  higher  than  given  in  table. 

COLUMN  No.  6  is  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water 
that  will  flow  through  the  pipe  in  one  minute,  when 
the  velocity  of  the  water  is  10  feet  per  second. 

COLUMN  No.  7  is  an  approximation  of  the  weight 
of  a  lineal  foot  of  pipe,  including  rivets. 

The  cost  of  pipe  varies  with  the  iron  market,  and 
the  quantity  ordered  of  one  diameter  and  thickness — . 


APPENDIX.  2C9 

small  lots  costing  sometimes  50  per  cent  more  than 
large  orders. 

The  charge  is  extra  for  dipping  pipes  in  asphaltum— 
coating  them  inside  and  outside — and  the  cost  of  dip- 
ping  small  pipes  is  about  one  cent  for  each  inch  in 
diameter  and  one  foot  in  length. 

Coating  with  asphaltum  adds  about  one  third  of  a 
pound  per  square  foot  to  the  weight  of  the  pipe. 


2IO 


APPENDIX. 


4 

a 

o 

8  V 

*->  be 

8, 

£ 

|^ 

s, 

V 

£ 

a 

"o  . 

oj 

«  . 

'S-'S-d 

K§ 

"o 

o 

o 

S  <S 

aj  *o 

II 

^  rt 

*lfrf 

0^ 

u 

i 

il 

*~ 

cji; 

p  « 

£  §  « 

gl 

1 

,2 

V 

.H  >> 

11 

•S&SSL 

tUD  ^ 

fi 

H'~ 

H 

c 

CJ 

^ 

• 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

3 

7 

0-035 

20 

176 

29 

xi 

3 

7 

0.049 

18 

245 

29 

2i 

4 

12.5 

0.049 

18 

183 

52 

3 

4 

12.5 

0.065 

16 

243 

52 

4 

5 

19.6 

0.049 

18 

147 

81 

3l 

5 

19.6 

0.065 

16 

195 

81 

5 

5 

19.6 

o  083 

14 

249 

81 

6 

5 

19.6 

0.109 

12 

327 

81 

& 

6 

28 

.049 

18 

122 

116 

4; 

6 

28 

.065 

16 

162 

116 

5; 

6 

28 

.083 

14 

207 

116 

7- 

6 

28 

.109 

12 

272 

116 

10 

7 

38 

.049 

18 

105 

158 

5: 

7 

38 

.065 

16 

141 

158 

6 

7 

38 

•093 

14 

178 

158 

si 

7 

38 

.109 

12 

234 

158 

II: 

8 

50 

.065 

16 

208 

7. 

8 

50 

.083 

14 

555 

208 

9: 

8 

50 

.109 

12 

204 

208 

13 

8 

50 

.120 

11 

225 

208 

14 

8 

50 

•134 

1O 

252 

208 

1  5| 

9 

63 

.065 

16 

1  08 

262 

9 

63 

.083 

14 

138 

262 

iof 

9 

63 

.109 

12 

182 

14* 

9 

63 

.  1  2O 

II 

200 

262 

16 

9 

63 

•134 

10 

228 

262 

I7^ 

10 

78 

.065 

16 

98 

313 

9 

10 

78 

.083 

14 

125 

313 

10 

78 

.109 

12 

164 

313 

15 

10 

78 

.120 

II 

313 

17 

10 

78 

•134 

10 

2OI 

313 

19- 

ii 

95 

.065 

16 

89 

378 

9- 

ii 

95 

.083 

14 

378 

I3i 

ii 

95 

.109 

12 

149 

378 

ii 

95 

.  1  2O 

II 

162 

378 

i8|- 

ii 

95 

•134 

10 

183 

378 

21 

12 

.065 

16 

81 

470 

"i 

12 

113 

.083 

14 

104 

470 

I41 

12 

H3 

.log 

12 

136 

470 

I8| 

APPENDIX. 


211 


i 

| 

If 

8, 

s 

S^rt  0 

& 

cu 

<*-,  3 

rt   M 

g.j 

"o 

I 

0  . 

8J 

C/J  D 

*"*  C 

If  °| 

El 

I 

i 

11 

11 

if 

^8|S 

Is 

1 

5 

1 

33 

.H  x 

H 

r 

3 

P 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

12 

113 

.120 

II 

150 

470 

19* 

12 

•134 

10 

1  68 

470 

22f 

12 

IJ3 

.165 

8 

206 

470 

27f 

12 

113 

.ISO 

7 

225 

470 

32 

12 

113 

.203 

6 

254 

470 

12 

113 

.238 

4 

297 

470 

3I> 

13 

132 

.065 

16 

75 

550 

12 

13 

132 

.083 

14 

93 

550 

15 

13 

132 

.109 

12 

114 

550 

20 

13 

132 

.120 

ii 

138 

550 

22 

13 

132 

•134 

10 

155 

550 

24^ 

13 

132 

.165 

8 

190 

550 

3°1 

13 

132 

i  So 

7 

207 

550 

13 

13 

132 
132 

.203 
.238 

6 
4 

234 

275 

550 
550 

3 

14 

153 

.065 

16 

69 

637 

13 

14 

153 

.083 

14 

89 

637 

16 

14 

153 

.109 

12 

117 

637 

21^ 

14 

153 

.120 

ii 

129 

637 

235 

14 

153 

•134 

10 

144 

637 

26 

14 

153 

.165 

8 

177 

637 

S2 

153 

.180 

7 

193 

637 

37 

14 

153 

.203 

6 

217 

637 

41* 

14 

153 

.238 

4 

255 

637 

48 

15 

176 

.065 

16 

65 

733 

I3f 

15 

176 

.083 

14 

83 

733 

17 

15 

176 

.109 

12 

109 

733 

23  1 

15 

176 

.120 

ii 

120 

733 

15 

176 

•134 

10 

134 

733 

28* 

15 

176 

.165 

8 

165 

733 

34| 

15 

176 

.180 

7 

1  80 

733 

39 

15 

176 

.203 

6 

203 

733 

431 

15 

176 

.238 

4 

238 

733 

16 

20£ 

.065 

16 

61 

837 

14; 

16 

201 

.083 

14 

78 

837 

17: 

16 

2OI 

.109 

12 

102 

837 

24: 

16 

201 

.I2O 

ii 

113 

837 

26; 

16 

2O  I 

•134 

10 

126 

837 

29, 

16 

201 

.165 

8 

155 

837 

36 

212 


APPENDIX. 


1 

£ 

Q 

i 

§ 

o  . 

• 

*"*  3 

<*H  rt 

2L 
£ 

Is  o'g 

Pipe  per 
oot. 

(X 

?.s 

|l 

!] 

'•5  =  £8 

"ofe 

1 

n 

11 

o 

w  >, 

V-  03 

£*|J 

gl 
Bee 

SJ 

S.S 

3«« 

w  £ 

*§  d.  >  O. 

5*. 

5 

•< 

h 

H 

£ 

u 

^ 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

16 

201 

.180 

7 

169 

837 

4r4 

16 

201 

.203 

6 

190 

837 

48- 

16 

2O  I 

.238 

4 

223 

837 

54; 

18 

254 

.065 

16 

54 

1058 

1  6 

18 

254 

•  083 

14 

69 

1058 

20 

18 

254 

.109 

12 

1058 

27: 

18 

254 

.120 

II 

100 

1058 

30 

18 

254 

•134 

IO 

III 

1058 

34 

18 

254 

.165 

8 

138 

1058 

4i 

18 

254 

.ISO 

7 

150 

1058 

46 

18 

254 

.203 

6 

169 

1058 

54 

18 

254 

.238 

4 

198 

1058 

60 

20 

314 

.065 

16 

49 

1308 

18 

20 

3H 

.083 

14 

63 

1308 

22 

If 

20 

314 

.109 

12 

82 

1308 

30 

20 

314 

.120 

II 

90 

1308 

20 

.134 

10 

IOI 

1308 

36- 

20 

3H 

.165 

8 

124 

1308 

44: 

20 

.180 

7 

135 

1308 

20 

314 

.203 

6 

153 

1308 

56 

20 

314 

.238 

4 

179 

1308 

66 

22 

380 

.065 

16 

45 

1583 

20 

22 

380 

.083 

14 

57 

1583 

24: 

I 

22 

380 

.109 

12 

75 

1583 

I 

22 

380 

.120 

II 

82 

1583 

35f 

22 

380 

•134 

10 

91 

1583 

40 

22 

380 

.I65 

8 

112 

1583 

4H 

22 

380 

.ISO 

7 

123 

1583 

5i 

22 

380 

.203 

6 

138 

1583 

62 

22 

380 

.238 

4 

162 

1583 

72 

24 

452 

.083 

14 

52 

1883 

27. 

\  • 

24 

452 

.109 

12 

68 

1883 

35, 

, 

24 

452 

.I2O 

II 

75 

1883 

39 

24 

452 

•134 

10 

84 

1883 

43£ 

24 

452 

.165 

8 

103 

1883 

53 

24 

452 

.ISO 

7 

112 

1883 

60 

24 

452 

.203 

6 

127 

1883 

67. 

\ 

24 

452 

.238 

4 

149 

1883 

78. 

: 

26 

530 

.083 

14 

48 

2208 

29; 

\.  ' 

APPENDIX. 


213 


g 

§  . 

& 

•o«d 

&.- 

& 

)-.  V 

s 

ufrt  0 

w 

£ 

0 

£ 

*| 

oj 

s-0- 

o 

rt   M 

?! 

8 

£ 

£•5 

tS.i: 

w  2 

"°.  '5  .t?  u 

°_. 

a; 

*o 

.§,2 

c^ 

1= 

b  o  ^ 

JG  w 

a 

.5 

rt 

13 

Ii 

I? 

Ills 

«f3 

5 

•< 

H 

h 

£ 

u 

^ 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

26 

530 

.109 

12 

63 

2208 

38* 

26 

530 

.  1  2O 

II 

69 

2208 

42 

26 

530 

•134 

10 

78 

2208 

47 

26 

530 

.165 

8 

95 

22C8 

57i 

26 

530 

.180 

7 

104 

2208 

26 

530 

.203 

6 

117 

22O8 

72* 

26 

530 

.238 

4 

138 

22O8 

84 

28 

6*5 

.083 

14 

45 

2562 

3ri 

28 

615 

.109 

12 

58 

2562 

41! 

28 

615 

.120 

II 

64 

2562 

45 

28 

615 

•134 

IO 

72 

2562 

28 

615 

.165 

8 

88 

2562 

6if 

28 

615 

.180 

7 

96 

2562 

69* 

28 

615 

.203 

6 

1  08 

2562 

77i 

28 

615 

.238 

4 

127 

2562 

90* 

3° 

706 

.109 

12 

54 

2941 

44 

30 

706 

.120 

ii 

60 

2941 

48 

3° 

706 

•134 

10 

67 

2941 

54 

30 

706 

.I65 

8 

82 

2941 

65 

30 

706 

.180 

7 

90 

2941 

74 

30 

706 

.203 

6 

102 

2941 

83 

30 

706 

.238 

4 

119 

2941 

96 

30 

706 

.250 

i 

125 

2941 

101 

33 

855 

.120 

ii 

54 

3561 

53 

33 

855 

•134 

10 

61 

3561 

59 

33 

855 

.165 

8 

75 

3561 

72 

33 

855 

.ISO 

7 

82 

3561 

81 

33 

855 

.203 

6 

93 

3561 

go 

33 

855 

.238 

4 

108 

3561 

105 

33 

855 

.250 

i 

"3 

3561 

no 

33 

855 

•259 

3 

118 

3561 

115 

33 

855 

.3125 

T5«r 

142 

3561 

141 

1017 

.120 

ii 

50 

4236 

58 

30     1017 

.134 

10 

56 

4236 

67 

36 

1017 

.I65 

8 

69 

4236 

78 

36 

1017 

.l8o 

7 

75 

4236 

88 

36 

1017 

.203 

6 

84 

4236 

98 

36 

1017 

.238 

4 

92 

4236 

114 

36 

1017 

.250 

i 

104 

4236 

120 

214 


APPENDIX. 


i 

c 
o 

c 
Eg 

—>  be 

& 

ex 

73  rt  <J 

h* 

k 

o 

i 

"8 

cj 

w 

ffg-g 

IN 

u 

Cu 

cc  V 

!/)  t) 

*""  c 

•5  5  >>g 

«*H[IH 

i 

"o 

II 

II 

s« 

£6|« 

i! 

i 

1 

jja 

-£ 

n"0 

I1 

u 

£J 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

36 

IOI7 

-259 

3 

108 

4236 

125 

36 
36 

1017 
1017 

•3125 
•375 

P 

130 
156 

4236 
4236 

153 

1  86 

40 

1256 

•134 

10 

51 

5232 

71 

40 

1256 

.165 

8 

62 

5232 

86 

40 

1256 

.180 

7 

68 

5232 

97 

40 

1256 

.203 

6 

76 

5232 

108 

40 

1256 

.238 

4 

90 

5232 

126 

40 

1256 

.250 

£ 

94 

5232 

132 

40 

1256 

•259 

3 

97 

5232 

138 

40 

1256 

•  3125 

TS 

5232 

169 

40 

1256 

•375 

-| 

141 

5232 

205 

42 

1385 

•134 

10 

48 

5769 

74* 

42 

1385 

.165 

8 

59 

5769 

91 

42 

1385 

.180 

7 

64 

5769 

102 

42 

1385 

.203 

6 

72 

5769 

114 

42 

1385 

.238 

4 

85 

5769 

133 

42 

1385 

.250 

£ 

89 

5769 

137 

42 

1385 

•259 

3 

92 

5769 

42 

1385 

•  3125 

A 

in 

5769 

177 

42 

1385 

•375 

1 

134 

5769 

216 

44 

1520 

•134 

10 

45 

6332 

78 

44 

1520 

.165 

8 

56 

6332 

95 

44 

1520 

.180 

7 

61 

6332 

1  06 

44 

1520 

.203 

6 

69 

6332 

119 

44 

1520 

.238 

4 

81 

6332 

139 

44 

1520 

.250 

% 

85 

6332 

145 

44 

1520 

•  259 

3 

88 

6332 

151 

44 

1520 

•  3125 

& 

1  06 

6332 

185 

44 

1520 

•  375 

I 

128 

6332 

225 

48 

1809 

•  134 

10 

42 

7536 

85 

48 

1809 

.165 

8 

51 

7536 

103 

48 

1809 

.180 

7 

56 

7536 

116 

48 

1809 

.203 

6 

63 

7536 

130 

48 

1809 

.238 

4 

75 

7536 

151 

48 

1809 

.250 

i 

78 

7536 

158 

48 

1809 

•  259 

3 

81 

7536 

164 

48 

1809 

.3125 

T5* 

98 

7536 

210 

48 

1809 

•375 

1 

117 

7536 

245 

APPENDIX.  215 


FLOW  OF  WATER  THROUGH  RECTANGULAR  ORIFICES 
IN    THIN   VERTICAL    PARTITIONS. 

Question  :  The  head  being  10  feet,  and  the  gate- 
opening  being  6  inches  high  and  I  foot  wide,  what 
will  be  the  discharge  in  miners'  inches  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  opposite  10  feet  in  first  col- 
umn, find  in  column  headed  "6  inches  High,  I  foot 
Wide,"  7.62  cubic  feet.  Multiply  this  number  by  50, 
the  number  of  miners'  inches  in  I  cubic  foot,  and 
there  results  762  X  50  =  381.00  miners'  inches. 

Question:  The  head  being  25  feet  and  the  opening 
IT5_  inches  high,  I  foot  wide,  how  many  pounds  will 
be  discharged  per  second  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  opposite  25  feet  in  first  col- 
umn, find  in  column  headed  "1.5  inches  high,  I  foot 
wide,"  3.05  cubic  feet.  Multiply  this  number  by 
62.5,  the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot.  3.05  X 
62.5  =  190.625  pounds. 

Question :  The  head  being  7  feet  and  the  opening 
i  inch  high,  I  foot  wide,  what  will  be  the  discharge  in 
cubic  feet  ? 

Answer :  In  this  table,  opposite  7  feet  in  first  col- 
umn, find,  in  column  headed  "3  inches  High,  i  foot 
Wide,"  3.24  cubic  feet.  The  given  height  I  inch  is 
one  third  of  3  inches,  the  height  of  the  opening; 


2l6 


APPENDIX. 


hence,  without  sensible  error,  we  may  take  one  third 
the  flow  due  3  inches  for  that  opening.  3.24-^-3  = 
1. 08. 

TABLE    SHOWING    FLOW    OF  WATER  THROUGH    RECTANGULAR 
ORIFICES    IN    THIN    VERTICAL    PARTITIONS. 


c  J 

<U  y 

Breadth  and  Height  of  Orifice. 

il 

|| 

i  ft.  High, 
i  ft.  Wide. 

9  in.  High, 
i  ft.  Wide. 

6  in.  High, 
i  ft.  Wide. 

3  in.  High. 
I  ft.  Wide. 

1.5  in.  High, 
i  ft.  Wide. 

•a  u 

o  £ 

S2 

*i3  tft 

K 
Feet. 

Feet. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

H.P. 

O.2 

i  s8 

.028 

.0064 

.3 

ao° 
4.40 



0.69 

.022 

-34 

.010 

SO7 

1.56 

O7I 

.80 

Ol(. 

.  40 

.018 

•  4 
•  5 

2 

5-67 

2-57 

.146 

1.74 

.099 

.89 

•051 

•45 

.026 

.6 

6.22 

3-72 

•  253 

2.83 

.193 

1.91 

.130 

.98 

.066 

•49 

-°33 

•7    ' 

6.72 

4.02 

•317 

-249 

2.07 

.165 

.06 

.082 

•53 

.041 

.8 

6.38 

4-31 

•392 

3.27 

.297 

2.21 

.201 

.14 

.104 

•57 

.052 

•9 

7.62 

4-57 

.467 

3-48 

-356 

2.35 

.240 

.20 

.122 

.60 

.061 

I.O 

8.025 

4.87 

•554 

3.67 

.417 

2.48 

.281 

.26 

.144 

•  63 

.072 

1.25 

8.99 

5-29 

•751 

4  02 

-571 

2.71 

•  385 

•39 

.197 

.69 

.098 

1.5° 

9-83 

5-92 

1.  01 

4-50 

.767 

3-°3 

•517 

•55 

•259 

•  77 

.129 

o-59 

6.40 

1.27 

4-86 

.967 

3-27 

.650 

•67 

.326 

-83 

.163 

2.OO 

6.85 

1.56 

5.20 

.18 

3-50 

•795 

•79 

-398 

.89 

.199 

2.25 
2.50 

2.00 

2.68 

7.27 
7.67 

1.86 
2.18 

5-Si 
5-8i 

^65 

3-71 

•949 
i.  ii 

.89 
•99 

-475 
.565 

•95 

.00 

.237 
.283 

2-75 

3.32 

8.05 

2-53 

6.09 

.86 

4.10 

1.28 

.09 

•654 

.04 

-327 

3-oo 

3-90 

8.41 

2.8 

6.36 

•  17 

4-27 

1.46 

.18 

•743 

.09 

-371 

3-50 

5.01 

9.08 

3-6i 

6.86 

•73 

4.61 

1.83 

•35 

•935 

«T7 

•467 

4.00 
4-50 

6.05 
7.02 

9-97 
10.29 

4-54 
5.26 

•7-32 
7-75 

3-33 

4-92 

5-21 

2.24 
2.66 

•f 
•65 

1.14 

1-36 

-25 

.568 
.678 

5-oo 

17-95 

10  84 

6.16 

8.16 

4% 

5-49 

3.12 

.78 

1-58 

•39 

.781 

6 

19.66 

11.84 

8.08 

8.91 

6.08 

5.98 

4.08 

3-03 

2.07 

•51 

1.03 

7 

21.23 

12.76 

10.  14 

9  61 

7.64 

6-43 

5.12 

3-24 

2.58 

.62 

1.29 

8 

22.71 

13.64 

12.40 

10.25 

9-32 

6.84 

6.22 

3-45 

3-M 

-71 

1.50 

9 

24.70 

14.47 

14.80 

10.86 

ii.  ii 

7-25 

7.42 

3-64 

3-72 

•83 

1.82 

10 

25-38 

15-25 

T7  34 

11.44 

13.00 

7.62 

8.66 

3-83 

4-34 

.92 

2.18 

15 

20 

31.08 
35-89 

18.68 
21.50 

31-85 
49-05 

14.01 
16.18 

23.88 
36.78 

9-34 
10.8 

15-93 
24-55 

4-69 
5-42 

8.00 
12.29 

-36 
-72 

4.02 
6.15 

25 

40.13 

24.12 

68.52 

18.10 

51.42 

12.08 

34.32 

6.06 

17.22 

3-05 

8.67 

30 

35 

43-95 
47-47 

26.43 
28.55 

90.  10 
113.6 

19.84 
21-44 

67.64 
85.27 

13-47 
14.31 

56.96 

6.64 
7.18 

22.64 
28.56 

3-62 

11.42 
14.40 

40 

50-75 

30  53 

138.8 

22.94 

104.3 

'5  32 

69.64 

7.68 

34-91 

3-79 

'7  23 

45 

53-83 

32-39 

165.6 

24-35 

"4-5 

16.26 

83.14 

8.16 

41-73 

4.12 

21.02 

50 

56.75 

34-15 

194.0 

25-68 

145-8 

17.16 

97.50 

8.61 

48.92 

4-35 

24.72 

APPENDIX. 


VOLUMES    OF   WATER   REQUIRED    FOR    EFFECTIVE 
USE    IN    OPERATING    HYDRAULIC    GIANTS. 


Head. 

z-inch 
Nozzle. 

2^-inch 
Nozzle. 

3-inch 
Nozzle. 

4-inch 
Nozzle. 

5-inch 
Nozzle. 

Feet. 

Miners1 

Miners' 

Miners' 

Miners' 

Miners' 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

IOO 

80 

125 

185 

325 

500 

150 

IOO 

155 

225 

400 

625 

200 

H5 

180 

260 

460 

715 

250 

130 

200 

290 

515 

800 

300 

140 

220 

320 

565 

880 

350 

150 

240 

345 

610 

950 

400 

1  60 

255 

365 

650 

IOOO 

The  area  of  circles  in  square  feet  may  be  obtained 
from  the  following  table, — which  is  also  the  number 
of  cubic  feet  in  I  foot  length  of  the  pipe.  (Traut- 
wine.) 


Diameter. 
Inches. 

Area. 
Square  Feet. 

Diameter. 
Inches. 

Area. 
Square  Feet. 

Diameter. 
Inches. 

Area. 
Square  Feet. 

i 

.0003 

3i 

.0576 

6* 

•  2131 

.0014 

3i 

.0668 

6* 

•2304 

f 

.0031 

31 

.0767 

6| 

.2485 

I 

-0055 

4 

.0873 

7 

.2673 

Ii 

.0085 

4i 

.0985 

71 

.2867 

I* 

•  0123 

4* 

.1104 

7i 

.3068 

If 

.0167 

4f 

.1231 

7t 

.3276 

2 

.0218 

5 

•1363 

8 

•3491 

2i 

.0276 

5i 

•1503 

8* 

.3712 

2* 

.0341 

54  ' 

.1650 

8* 

•3941 

2| 

.0412 

5l 

•  1803 

8| 

.4176 

3 

.0491 

6 

.1964 

9 

.4418 

To  Find  the  Square  Root  of  a  Number :  Separate 
the  given  number  into  periods  of  two  each,  beginning 


2l8  APPENDIX. 

at  unit's  place,  thus :  18,  66,  24 ;  or  if  the  number  be  a 
decimal  fraction,  work  both  right  and  left  from  unit's 
place,  thus:  I,  96.  13,  69. 

Find  the  greatest  number  whose  square  will  go 
into  the  first  period,  and  subtract  this  square;  to  the 
remainder  annex  the  next  period.  Divide  this  new 
dividend  by  twice  the  square  root  already  found,  mul- 
tiplied by  10  for  a  trial  divisor.  The  quotient  thus 
found  add  to  the  trial  divisor:  it  is  the  next  figure 
of  the  root.  Multiply  this  divisor  by  the  last  root 
figure  and  subtract  as  in  the  first  instance,  etc. 

Example. — Find  the  square  root  of  186624. 

1 8,  66,  24  [432 
4X4=        16 


4  x  2  —  8  X  10  =  80  +  3  =  83)  266 
83  X  3  =          249 


80+3  X  2  =  86  X  10  =  860  +  2  =862     1724 

862  X  2  =  1724 

Example. — Find  the  square  root  of  58.140625. 

58.  14  06  25    [7.625  Ans. 

49 
7  X  2  =  14  X  10  =  140  +  6  =  146      914 

146  X  6  =  876 

.3806 


APPENDIX.  219 

140 

12  =  6X  2 
152  X  10  =  1520  -f  2  =  1522 

1522  X  2  =  3044 

76225 

1520 

4  =  2X2 

1524  X  10  =  15240  +  5  =  15245 

15245  X  5  =  76225 

Example. — Find  the  square  root  of  196. 1369. 

A  nswer.    1 4. 0048  -f- . 


220 


APPENDIX.  . 


TABLE  OF  SAFE  HEAD  FOR  RIVETED  HYDRAULIC  PIPE. 

SHOWING    PRICE   AND  WEIGHT    WITH    SAFE    HEAD    FOR    VARIOUS 
SIZES  OF  DOUBLE-RIVETED  PIPE. 


Diameter 
of 
Pipe  in 
Inches. 

Area  of 
Pipe 
in 
Inches. 

Thickness 
of  Iron 
by  Wire 
Gauge. 

Head  in 
Feet  the 
Pipe  will 
safely 
stand. 

Cub.  Ft. 

of  Water 
Pipe  will 
convey 
per  min. 
at  Vel. 
3  ^.  per 
second. 

Weight 
per 
Lineal 
Foot 
in  Lbs. 

Price  per 
Foot. 

3 

7 

18 

400 

9 

2 

$0.20 

4 

12 

18 

350 

16 

2 

f 

•25 

4 

12 

16 

525 

16 

3 

•35 

5 
5 

2O 
20 

18 
16 

325 
500 

25 
25 

a 

i 

•35 
•45 

5 

20 

14 

675 

25 

5 

•  50 

6 

28 

18 

296 

36 

4J 

f 

•44 

6 

28 

16 

487 

36 

S; 

•50 

6 

28 

14 

743 

36 

[ 

.56 

7 

38 

18 

254 

50 

5; 

> 

•50 

7 

38 

16 

419 

50 

\ 

.56 

7 

38 

14 

640 

50 

81 

r 

.63 

8 

50 

16 

367 

63 

7i 

i 

•65 

8 

50 

14 

*;6o 

63 

9^ 

r 

•75 

8 

50 

12 

854 

63 

•94 

9 

63 

16 

327 

80 

8- 

.69 

9 

63 

14 

499 

80 

10; 

.88 

9 

63 

12 

761 

80 

T4 

i.  06 

10 

78 

16 

295 

IOO 

9: 

.72 

10 

78 

14 

450 

IOO 

II; 

.82 

10 

78 

12 

687 

IOO 

15- 

I.OO 

10 

78 

II 

754 

IOO 

J7 

1-25 

10 

78 

10 

900 

IOO 

J9; 

1.50 

ii 

95 

16 

269 

120 

9l 

•75 

ii 

95 

14 

412 

1  20 

13 

•94 

ii 

95 

12 

626 

1  20 

J7i 

• 

1-25 

ii 

95 

11 

687 

1  20 

i8j 

1.44 

ii 

95 

IO 

820 

120 

21 

1.62 

12 

iI3 

16 

246 

142 

II; 

i. 

.82 

12 

113 

14 

377 

142 

14 

I.OO 

12 

113 

12 

574 

142 

1  8, 

r 

1.38 

12 

"3 

II 

630 

142 

»9: 

| 

1.50 

12 

"3 

10 

753 

142 

22- 

*    < 

1.69 

APPENDIX. 


221 


SAFE  HEAD  FOR  RIVETED  HYDRAULIC  PIPE.—  (Continued.) 


Diameter 
of 
Pipe  m 
Inches. 

Area  of 
Pipe 
in 
Inches, 

Thickness 
of  Iron 
by  Wire 
Gauge. 

Head  in 
Feet  the 
Pipe  will 
safely 
stand. 

Cub.  Ft. 
of  Water 
Pipe  will 
convey 
per  min. 
at  VeK 
3  ft.  per 
second. 

Weight 

Lineal 
Foot 
in  Lbs. 

Price  per 
Foot. 

13 

132 

16 

228 

170 

12 

$0.90 

13 

132 

14 

348 

170 

15 

1.  12 

13 

132 

12 

530 

170 

2O 

1.50 

13 

132 

II 

583 

170 

22 

1.65 

13 

I32 

10 

696 

170 

24* 

1.  80 

14 

153 

16 

211 

200 

13 

.98 

I4 

153 

14 

324 

2OO 

16 

I.I7 

153 

12 

494 

2OO 

214 

1-57 

14 

153 

II 

543 

200 

23^ 

1.72 

14 

153 

IO 

648 

200 

26 

1.95 

15 

176 

16 

197 

225 

13! 

.96 

15 

176 

14 

302 

225 

17 

1.28 

15 

176 

12 

460 

225 

23 

1-75 

15 

176 

II 

507 

225 

24* 

1-95 

15 

176 

10 

606 

225 

28 

2.10 

16 

201 

16 

185 

255 

14 

1.05 

16 

201 

14 

283 

255 

i.  20 

16 

2OI 

12 

432 

255 

24; 

1.70 

16 

2O  I 

II 

474 

255 

26: 

1.85 

16 

201 

IO 

567 

255 

29* 

2.00 

18 

254 

16 

165 

320 

16 

1.20 

18 

254 

14 

252 

320 

2O 

I.4O 

18 

254 

12 

385 

320 

27 

I.90 

18 

254 

II 

424 

320 

30 

2.IO 

18 

254 

10 

505 

320 

34 

2.40 

20 

3M 

16 

148 

400 

18 

1.26 

20 

3J4 

14 

227 

400 

22* 

1-54 

20 

314 

12 

346 

400 

30 

2.10 

20 

314 

II 

380 

400 

32* 

2.25 

20 

3H 

IO 

456 

400 

36* 

2.50 

22 

380 

16 

135 

480 

20 

1.40 

22 

380 

14 

206 

480 

24f 

1.70 

22 

380 

12 

316 

480 

32f 

2.25 

22 

380 

II 

347 

480 

35f 

2-45 

22 

380 

IO 

415 

480 

40 

2.80 

24 

452 

14 

1  88 

570 

27* 

i.  80 

24 

452 

12 

290 

570 

35* 

2-35 

24 

452 

II 

318 

570 

39 

2.70 

24 

452 

10 

379 

570 

43* 

2.95 

24 

452 

8 

466 

570 

53 

3-50 

222 


APPENDIX. 


SAFE  HEAD  FOR  RIVETE  DHYDRAULIC  PIPE.— (Continued.) 


Cub.  Ft. 

Diameter 
of 
Pipe  in 
Inches. 

Area  of 
Pipe 
in 
Inches. 

Thickness 
of  Iron 
by  Wire 
Gauge. 

Head  in 
Feet  the 
Pipe  will 
safely 
stand. 

of  Water 
Pipe  will 
convey 
per  min. 
at  Vel. 
3  ft-  per 

Weight 
per 
Lineal 
Foot 
in  Lbs. 

Price  per 
Foot. 

second. 

26 

530 

14 

175 

670 

29? 

$2.OO 

26 

530 

12 

267 

670 

38^ 

2-59 

26 

530 

II 

294 

670 

42 

287 

26 

530 

10 

352 

670 

47 

3.10 

26 

530 

8 

432 

670 

57i 

3-85 

28 

6l5 

14 

I  O2 

775 

V* 

2.12 

28 

615 

12 

247 

775 

4xi 

2-75 

28 

6l5 

II 

273 

775 

45 

3.00 

28 

615 

10 

327 

775 

3-20 

28 

615 

8 

400 

775 

6li 

4.15 

30 

706 

12 

231 

890 

44 

2.90 

30 

706 

II 

254 

8qO 

48 

3.15 

30 

706 

IO 

304 

890 

54 

3-50 

30 

706 

8 

375 

890 

65 

4.30 

30 

706 

7 

425 

890 

74 

4-75 

36 

1017 

ii 

141 

1300 

58 

3-8o 

36 

1017 

IO 

155 

1300 

67 

4-30 

36 

1017 

8 

192 

1300 

78 

5.10 

36 

1017 

7 

210 

1300 

88 

5-75 

40 

1256 

10 

141 

1600 

71 

4-75 

40 

1256 

8 

174 

1600 

86 

5.6o 

40 

1256 

7 

189 

1600 

97 

6.40 

40 

1256 

6 

213 

1600 

108 

7-35 

40 

1256 

4 

250 

1600 

126 

8.50 

42 

1385 

IO 

135 

1760 

74* 

5-05 

42 

1385 

8 

165 

1760 

91 

6.  20 

42 

1385 

7 

1  80 

1760 

1  02 

7.00 

42 

1385 

6 

210 

1760 

114 

7.80 

42 

1385 

4 

24O 

1760 

133 

9.00 

42 

1385 

^ 

27O 

1760 

137 

9-50 

42 

1385 

3 

300 

1760 

145 

IO.OO 

42 

1385 

321 

1760 

177 

12.00 

42 

1385 

| 

363 

1760 

216 

15.00 

NOTE.  —  Where  formed  and  punched  including  rivets,  for  mule  packing  or  to 
facilitate  transportation  by  other  means,  30  per  cent  may  be  deducted  from  prices 
above  given.     This  list  is  based  upon  pipe  coated  inside  and  out  wiih  asphaltum, 

and  is  given  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  parties  to  make  an  approximate  estimate 
of  the  cost.     Net  prices  will  be  quoted  on  application. 


APPENDIX. 
TABLE    OF   VELOCITIES. 


223 


•g 

"0 

c 
_o 

i?  C 

°u  S 

Discharge  per  Second  through  Nozzles. 

If 

2  4J 

w 

OfW 

7" 

25.4 

26.32 

11.18 

44.30 

99.78 

177.4 

277.0 

399-1 

682.2 

709.4 

35-9 

28.72 

15-79 

62.61 

141  .0 

250.8 

39T-4 

564-1 

767.7 

1026 

43-9 

35.12 

19.32 

76-56 

173-9 

306.6 

478.7 

689.7 

938-8 

1226 

50.7 

40.56 

22.31 

89.24 

354-1 

552.8 

796-7 

1085 

1416 

45-36 

24-95 

98.88 

222.7 

396.0 

618.4 

890.9 

1213 

1584 

62.1 

49.68 

27-33 

108.30 

243-9 

433-7 

677-1 

975-7 

1328 

1735 

67.1 
71.8 

53-68 

57-44 

29.52 
31.66 

117.01 
125.24 

263-5 
282.0 

468.6 
501-5 

731-7 
783-9 

I053 
1129 

'435 
1535 

1874 
2005 

76.1 

60.88 

33-49 

132.87 

298.9 

531-4 

829.8 

1196 

1627 

2126 

80.3 

64.24 

35-33 

140.32 

308.9 

560.8 

874.6 

1262 

1717 

2243 

84.2 

67.36 

37-05 

146.82 

330-8 

588.0 

918.1 

1323 

1801 

2352 

87.96 

70-36 

38.70 

"53-48 

345-5 

614.3 

959-0 

1382 

1881 

2456 

9i.54 

73-23 

40.28 

'59-  92 

359-5 

639.3 

998.1 

'439 

'958 

2556 

94-99 

75-99 

41.80 

165-73 

373-1 

663.4 

1036 

'493 

2031 

2653 

98.3 

78.64 

43.26 

17I-54 

386.1 

686.5 

1072 

1545 

2IO2 

2745 

101.49 

81.19 

44-65 

177.26 

398.5 

708.8 

1107 

'595 

2170 

2834 

104.56 

83.62 

45-99 

182.36 

410.5 

718.4 

1140 

1643 

2236 

2919 

107.76 

86.20 

47-41 

188.16 

423.2 

752.5 

1176 

1693 

2305 

3009 

110.65 

88.52 

48.69 

192.92 

434-7 

772.8 

1207 

1739 

2366 

3091 

"3-54 

90.83 

49-94 

198.16 

446.0 

793-° 

1238 

1784 

2428 

116.35 

93.08 

51.20 

203.80 

457-0 

812.6 

"59 

1828 

2488 

325° 

119.08 
121.73 

95-26 
97.38 

52  •  49 
53.56 

207.82 
212.33 

467.8 
478.1 

831-7 
850.1 

1299 
1323 

1872 
1913 

2604 

3326 
3400 

124 

99-2 

54-56 

216.2 

487.0 

866.0 

1352 

1948 

2652 

3463 

126 

100.8 

55-44 

219.8 

495-0 

888.0 

1374 

1980 

2694 

3519 

129 

103.2 

56-76 

225.0 

560.7 

900.9 

1407 

2027 

2759 

3603 

104.8 

57.64 

228.5 

514.6 

9M.9 

1428 

2059 

2801 

3649 

J34 

07.2 

58  96 

*33-7 

526.3 

935-9 

1461 

2105 

2865 

3742 

136 

08.8 

59.84 

237-7 

534-1 

949.9 

1483 

2127 

2909 

3798 

II.  a 

60.32 

239.1 

538.8 

957-5 

2154 

2932 

3819 

141 

12.8 

61.64 

240.3 

541.2 

962.3 

1503 

2165 

2947 

3835 

'43 

14.4 

62.92 

249.4 

998.8 

1559 

2246 

3058 

3993 

'45 

16.0 

63.80 

252.9 

569^6 

1012 

2278 

3100 

4050 

148 

18.4 

64.61 

256.1 

576.8 

1025 

1601 

2307 

314O 

4101 

150 

20.  o 

66.00 

261.6 

589-2 

1047 

1635 

2357 

3207 

4189 

152 

21.6 

66.88 

262.5 

597  -1 

1062 

1658 

2388 

3245 

4245 

154 

23.2 

67.76 

265.1 

604.9 

1075 

1679 

2419 

3293 

156 

24.8 

68.64 

272.1 

612.8 

IO9O 

1701 

2449 

3336 

4358 

158 

26.4 

69.52 

275.6 

620.6 

1104 

1723 

2482 

3402 

4412 

1  60 

128.0 

70.40 

279.0 

628.5 

III7 

1746 

25U 

3422 

4468 

162 

129.6 

71.28 

282.5 

636.3 

"32 

1767 

2545 

3462 

4523 

164 

131-2 

72.11 

285.8 

643-7 

"44 

1787 

2574 

35°5 

4573 

1  66 

132.8 

73-04 

289.5 

652  .0 

1160 

1790 

2608 

3539 

168 

134-4 

73.92 

293.0 

659-9 

"74 

1832 

2640 

3593 

4692 

170 

136.0 

74.80 

296.4 

667.8 

1188 

1854 

2672 

3035 

4747 

224  APPENDIX. 

TABLE   FOR   WEIR   MEASUREMENT, 

GIVING  CUBIC  FEET  OF  WATER  PER  MINUTE  THAT  WILL 
FLOW  OVER  A  WEIR  I  INCH  WIDE  AND  FROM  "J  TO  2oJ 
INCHES  DEEP. 


Inches. 

H 

tt 

H 

M 

H 

K 

% 

0 

.OO 

.01 

.05 

.09 

.14 

.19 

.26 

•32 

I 

.40 

•47 

.55 

.64 

•73 

.82 

.92 

1.02 

2 

I-I3 

1.23 

1-35 

1.46 

1.58 

1.70 

1.82 

1-95 

3 

2.07 

2.21 

2.34 

2.48 

2.61 

2.76 

2.90 

3-05 

4 

3.20 

3.35 

3-50 

3-66 

3-81 

3-97 

4.14 

4-30 

5 

4-47 

4.64 

3.81 

4.98 

5.15 

5-33 

5-51 

5-69 

6 

5.87 

6.06 

6.25 

6.44 

6.62 

6.82 

7.01 

7.21 

7 

7.40 

7.60 

7.80 

8.01 

8.21 

8.42 

8.63 

8.83 

8 

9-05 

9.26 

9-47 

9  69 

9.91 

10.13 

10.35 

10.57 

9 

10.  80 

1  1.  02 

11.25 

11.48 

11.71 

11.94 

12.17 

12.41 

10 

12.64 

12.88 

13.12 

13-36 

13.60 

13-85 

14.09 

14-34 

ii 

14-59 

14.84 

15.09 

15-34 

15.59 

15  85 

16.11 

16.36 

12 

16.62 

16.88 

17.15 

17.41 

17.67 

17.94 

18.21 

18.47 

13 

18.74 

19.  01 

19.29 

19.56 

19.84 

20.  ii 

20.39 

20.67 

14 

20.95 

21.23 

21.51 

21.80 

22.08 

22.37 

22.65 

22.94 

15 

23.23 

23.52 

23.82 

24.11 

24.40 

24.70 

25.00 

25-30 

16 

25.60 

25.90 

26  20 

26.50 

26.80 

27.11 

27.42 

27.72 

17 

28.03 

28.34 

28.65 

28.97 

29.28 

29-59 

29.91 

30.22 

18 

30.54 

30.86 

3I.I8 

3L50 

31.82 

32.15 

32.47 

32.80 

19 

33-12 

33.45 

33.78 

34-n 

34.44 

34-77 

35-10 

35-44 

20 

35-77 

36.11 

36.45 

36.78 

37.12 

37.46 

37.8o 

38.15 

APPENDIX. 


225 


E 

0  «   C 

s 

1) 

ig 

pna«^ili«S%s«iJ^/j 

TJ 

0-0« 

,000   KH    0    «->«    M 

c 

en  2rJi 

ro  •<)•  mvo   t^oo   o  C   «    CN    m  TVO   t^  o  O   o    mm  tvoo  oo 

g 

« 

I-H                C 

° 

s 

VH 

O 

.c 

m 

a 

VO  OO    ON  H    N    -^-^O    Is*.  O  M    N    -^-^O    t^OsO    N    ••d-mt-xOr-^ 

M   I-.   M   o   04  o*   o)   w   w   rofocoforocnTj-^-Tt--^-T(--^-ir) 

M 

C 

"o-o  tJ 

w  f  pt, 

^t-  «   o   t^  M-oo  oo 

£;    c 

O  'Z 

JES 

nn«eiammm<* 

£—  '    aj  " 

^     0   § 

•§  £^ 

d  «  M  m  M-  ^vo  r^od  o  6  N  m  4  ,nvo'  t^-oo'  o  d  -  o 

P^      ^    C 

CO    ' 

K 

u  s. 

K_.     ^ 

M    SS 

z 
z 

O  T3  S 

M  S  w 

§  P-o?  ot0!  N   m  Jovo'co'  O5  ft  ?vo"oc?<o   fO  Io  S  o"  ro  £. 

a  «« 

M 

CU 

J^.S 

£     °    «» 
PH      ~    * 

h 
O 

3  Si' 

oo   *<*-Ovo   woo   -^-Ovo    csoo   rooio^    t^room'-<    t^vo 

s  1* 

a 
h 

CO 

a 

Q    ^1 

S 

o^tJ 

i-  vo    ro 

M      CU    G 

Q 

t^  o  O  M  -s-vo  co  o  CM  -a-  t^  o  N  inoo  M  TJ-  t^i  o  •*  t>-vo 

X    "^    * 

M 
Q 

J133  C 

0   «.S 

|sl 

MOO    -^OVO    MOO    in  M    t^ro  OVO    CM  00    •*•  O  VO    N  CO    lOVO 

c/)    <u  o 
^  jaS 

a 

J  8? 

ll| 

CO'  o"  ro  OVO    •*•  "•   1000    Tt-OOOONt-~MOOOOHiO 

M 

tn    k? 

3E.s 

3  S> 

|j| 

»0  rr  OVO    (N    OVO    N    OVO    N    OIOCMOO    IONOO    10MOO    M 

C    tn 

u^^ 

g-o 

^0    c 

S-S 

t>«  o  t^oo  w  o  t^.  ovo  oo  o  t^t^o  loro-^-ovo  t^mo 

fOOO    N    t-~  rOOO    •*•  Q    t^  -^-  <N    O  t^O    -^-rOCNCNM-NCO 

O  ^3 

o  H 

N   w   m  re  ^  -^-  iovo  vo   tvoo  oo  o  O   •-"   CM   ro  T}-  invo   t^.  w 

^    ^ 

•2  .a 

S.e- 

u  c 

0'" 

!j| 

"o 

I' 

^S. 

226 


APPENDIX. 


sj 

ImiMffttntlni^irii 

" 

O  *O  oj 

fSggtSSIIlfg^JSIIJt^s 

SB* 

3«l 

f)   «    O 

c>s 

O  T3   4) 

M   ino^^o-^-c-ini-ioo   -^--HOOVO   -<i-«  ooo   t—  vo  vo   t- 

"-1        .S 

HMMM-HHW 

«-2 

*       m^vo. 

vc?  f^'f.oo1  ON*^  0>'-t2   ctroco^S-  Eo'vo'  2-  t^oo1  0.^  S* 

o 

u*"i 

V(-l 

£*S  u 

moo  £  p.  mw  g  Z  j:  ^  ^  g.  g»  *  m  N  M  M  ^  H  oo 

5sc 

H^,-MMMHH,M 

1|1 

rovo  ON  N   <J^OO   H   -d- 
r^oo   rooo  M-ON-^-O   IOHVO   H*O   01    t^woo   rooo   ^*  o>  10 

a 

111 

•f  H  W  III  £&  SS  ?  t  &  *  ss  s  &  & 

JE  = 

|si 

^  TJ-  10  LT>  iri\O  *O    fN,  c^»  t^OC  OOOOOOO'-'MCIW'^- 

00 

ufcs. 

o-a  £ 

•O    M    O    <"•">  O    M  ^O    lOOO  vo    t**  N 
«  S5  5^  *  LO^O  S§   t^oo"  S  O   -    ?!   ro  Tf  i?)^?  t^oo   O   M  oo 

3K.S 

a 

«    inoo    •-<    ^*-OO    i-*    -^-1^0    -^  t-x  O    r^vO    O    r*-«o    O  fOvO    W 
roforo^^-^ioio  \0-O  vo  vo    t^  t^  t^oo  oo  OO  oo    O.  O\  •-* 

I'SlJ 

%  5  8   £  -  *  «   K^^iCoo^MCOvOOrot-MVOvo 

trj  ^.^-  l^VO  VO    t-00    ON  O    M     <N    CO  mvO    t-00    O    M     CO  -J-  N 

^X 

S 

o 

Sg| 

HI 

a. 

APPENDIX. 


227 


o 

id 

u  & 

«!HBm»&UIM»K£ 

<N 

"o-o  S 
w  2  w 

S^o^S  ^{C^§  R  S  2  ?g§  S^  R.  ^  2%?*  9 

MMMMpiNpirororo-^-Tj-^-io  invo  vo   t>.  tvoo  oo   M 

3S« 

w 

l-l 

2  fo  Io  IQ  o"2  rnv8  oo  o1  pt  5^8  oo  8s  S>  to  ?.  o  1?^  ^> 

00 

ufcfc 

O  T3   w 

^  = 

to 

Jlf 

M'S   PI   N  P?P?PI   PI   roPirorororo-*5-->j--^-Ti-^-ir>«o 

"o-o  tJ 

t^  iri  invo   O  "O   ro  -»1  IAOO   COM   M    piioOooooonvo 
^-  t^  O    ro  t^  o    -roo    PivO    —  ^O    MVO    M    t^pioo   **-M    t^ro 

^C 

M     M     H 

a 

t^pjvo   MVO    M   "1C   !OO   ^O^-O  rOOO    ro  t^  pi    tx  pi   10 

O  T3   (j 

00    t^OO    N  00    tOVO  00    PI    OOO  00    M    tvrnpl    Wt^MOOOO 

3K.s 

M     M     M     M 

0  J.S 

S£3 

tswjupRj^^^gj^aiuPI 

u*S 

0|| 

?8  SKIIHHSJSS  SsSSfj? 

J33^ 

UJ.c 

^3   ^S 

»-•    w   ro  -t-  tO'O    f^OO   ON  M    N    ro  ^-  10x0    t-^.00    O  O   N    rooo 

3*i 

— 

•-     ^: 

05    rt    W 

J1^ 

cJ 

0' 

358 

>• 

^8. 

MWNWWrorororomTr^^-^^^^.oio^vo^ 

228 


APPENDIX. 


0         C* 

'^'  "o   S 

•§  v* 

0?S<o»<2w^?Si)NS  N^'RS  S  o  2 

N    n   ro  •*•  1000 

rt   ^    o 

J3     S     « 

o. 

1  1-g 
1  1  « 

s 

O  T3    4J 

lasfc 

VO  OO    «    -*•  ON  in  N    ONOO    t^OO    ON  M     »»-OO    N 
NO     t-~  ON  O    >-    £>  JONO  OOOlN^t-r^Oxi-i 

00    •*  w    O    O»NO 

«    rt  - 
«  .2  •§ 

«e  .5  -s 
-U 

->    .S 

?i  * 

«     -     u 

||| 

ONCO     t^NO     -^t*    CO    N     M      O     O'OO     t^NO     IO   ^    N 

>ONO    t^  t^OO  OOO>OOM«NCNlf^5-^ 

^a^NS-NS 

o  5  jj 

H      '=      NO 

.H  ^S 
«  i    « 

o 

uCl*& 

hs 

O  "O  u 

III 

g?W?WrS*R8l?!M  = 

M    MVO    0    •*  N 

?  S  &  S  ^ 

a  |f 

sai 

jffi.s 

w    S    3 
§E    ^ 

o      o 

jl| 

if)  iO*O  VO    t>.  t^.00  OOOSO\OO»-'^NCS 

«     0    NO" 

00 

a 

S    §.2 

ll| 

SySSSSSSWrSHTR?* 

R&«Pt 

ffl 

ii; 

3*c 

?l« 

be  -2  'S. 

o        C 

HsSinS«SX5ll1 

O  •«*•  c>  m  t^oo 
m  c>  rooo   w   '<t- 

Iii 

B  IS 

CO 

U     a 

u  S« 

£  °  "S 

«s 

OT3  tJ 

IMSMsMSPSRSftS 

•-    IT   u     • 
*  81    T 
1    o^    * 

•Jffi.s 

•7   | 
M     3     0     II 

II1' 

(^•^•N    OOO    lOrOMOOVO    •*•  M    O>I^lON 

t^-   inONCNNO   O    •*  t^  i-   mONNNO   0   •* 
ro  •*•  •*  •*•  10  IONS  vo  \o  t^  t^.  t>oo  oo  o\  ON 

*1  ??=>§; 

"o    ?^  ^ 

^  -i  I  ^ 

^ 

u    g. 

1  41  .  S  1 

NO    u  -c  .a 

CN 

0-0  3 

•a  .S-  t^ 
rt    a-°l 

J«£ 

§"  S  JT  J?*  §  S  IC'S  ft  m  Pi  S-  ?  ^  to 

K  S^N^NO"  E.  0^ 

^"•J-15 

ffi.s 

I  |!l 

«_.S 

scooo^^^ooo-ro^^ooo. 

cT  inoo"00   Si  o^ 

Ifc'SI 

^  "2  "5   <o 

PN| 

^1 

R  ..«•  ^n^iMrmi 

30  00  00    ON  O>  w 

»=s^ 

<u   c 
>  S   4-  y 

2|S 

O    W    M-!^ON(NI    M-t^O    -^-t^'o    -^-00    Ol  NO 

I5«|SI.| 

4S     3      ?    C 

1  8«  a 

j   o 

-5  "2  •«  5 

tll^ 

6 

.s^s 

^  -•s 

^    bo  u    ?5 

V 

x,10^ 

5  S  o 

INDEX. 


PAGE 

Amalgam 98 

Apex  law 143 

Area  of  circles , 217 

Assaying 22 

Assessment  work 141,  143 

Attwood,  M 179 

Batea .....     23 

Bed-rock 16 

Bed-rock  sluices 92 

Blasting   136 

Booming 10,  21 

Bowie,  Alex.  J 32,  52,  96,  116 

Braden,  E.  B 108 

Bucket  chain 118 

clam-shell 117 

dipper 114 

dredges 117 

ladders 119 

Bucyrus  Company 1 18,  132 

Chicago  mining-machines 133 

Claims,  mining 140,  156 

placer 139,  150 

river,  Canada 163 

locating 140 

marking 142,  156 

notices 147,  1 53 

patent 141 

229 


230  INDEX. 

PAGB 

Claims,  recording,  United  States 148 

Canadian 166 

relocating 143 

Clean-up ; 98 

Cost  of  dredging 121 

traction  dredging 135 

Craig,  R.  R 52,69 

Dams 78 

debris 44 

Dipper 114,  128 

Ditches 43,  30 

Dredges 106 

Dredging  rivers 104,  172 

Dry  placers 15 

Dry-placer  mining-machines 127 

Dumps 19,  31,  33 

Duty  of  miner's  inch 96 

Dynamite 136 

Eggleston,  Prof.  Thomas..... 108 

Elevators 38,  81 

Entry  fee,  Canadian 168 

Exploration 1 8,  100 

Exploiting ., 91 

Flumes 43,  46 

construction  of 46 

curves  in  . .  '. 50 

waste  gates  for , 72 

carrying  capacity 201 

Flow  of  water  through  channels 45,  46 

tables 201 

nozzles  (table) 204 

orifices  (table) 216 

pipes 6,  60 

tables 186,210 

Free  miner's  certificate 158 

Fresno  power  plant 56 

Friction  in  pipes 59.  6l 

bends 195,  196 

sluices ...    195,201 

Gates   .  52,72 


INDEX.  231 

PAGE 

Gates,  water  required  for 217 

Giants. ...    69 

Gold,  float 32,  97,  107 

recovery 98 

table 107 

Golden  Feather  Company.  ... 87 

Grade  for  ditches 93 

flumes  (table)   201 

sluices   30,  93,  96 

Grizzly 29,  35 

Ground  sluices 93 

Gulch  mining 16 

Head  of  water 59 

tables 220 

loss  of 225 

Heinrich,  Oswald  J 8 

Hewitt,  Abram  S 41 

Hoppers 130 

Horse-power  tables 184,  185 

Hoskins  Giant 70 

Information 179 

Iron-mining , 9 

Klondike  placers 17 

laws 1 56 

mining 99 

prospecting 100 

Knuckle-joint  monitors 69 

Land  patents 140,156 

Law  of  apex 143 

1866 139 

1872 , ...    140 

1875 140 

Klondike 156 

California  mine 151 

Lime  cartridges , 4 

Locating  claims 140 

Log  washers 39 

Long  torn 29 

Marion  steam-shovels    136 

Mattison,  E.  E 41 


INDEX. 


PAGE 
Measurement  of  streams  ......................................     68 

water  ....................................  64,  182 

weirs    ........................................  65 

table  ...................................  224 

gold  values  ......  .  ............................     18 

table  ....................................   179 

Mercury  ....................................................     97 

Mill  sites  .................................................  ...   155 

Mine  laws  ......................................  139,  143,  150,  156 

Miner's  inch  .................................................     64 

duty  of  ...........................................     96 

tables  ..........................................   183 

Mining  booming  ............................................     10 

iron  .................................................     ii 

fire  ................................    .........  ......  3,  101 

wedges  ..............................................       3 

salt  .................................................       5 

placers  (see)  .........................................   127 

Monitors  ...................................................     69 

Mother-lode  .............................................  ____     12 

New  Zealand  ............................................   82,117 

Nozzles  ...................................................  41,  70 

table  ................................................   204 

Notices  of  location  .......................................   147,  153 

Pan  ...........................  ................  .  .............     21 

Patents  ...................................................   141 

Pay-dirt  ....................................................     15 

Pay-streak  ...............................................  16,  18 

Pipe,  sheet-metal  ............................................     53 

table  ........................................   220 

areas  .................................................     60 

table    ............................................  217 

bends  ..............  .  ................................  54.  58 

tables  ........................................    195,  196 

contents  .............................................   217 

expansion  ............................................     55 

joints  ..........  ,  ....................................  55,  63 

leaky  ............................................     63 

laying  ...............................................  54,  63 

painting  ............................................  54,  61 


INDEX.  233 


Pipe,  thickness 61 

tables 220 

weight 6 1 

Placer-tables , 220 

Placers u,  150,  156 

Dry 16 

Dredging  104 

Postlethwaite,  R.  H 121 

Pressure  for  pipes  (table) 220 

of  water 189 

Pressure-box 74 

Pressure  mining  machines 127 

Pumps,  suction 108,  121 

Quarrying .       3 

Quicksilver,  loss  of  (see  mercury) 99 

Railroad  lands 1 44 

Raymond,  R.  W 143 

Recording  locations 148,  166 

Reservoirs 75 

Revolving  screens 121 

Ricketts,  A.  H 144 

Riffles 32 

Risdon  Iron  Company 34 

Rockers 25 

Sak-mining 5 

Safe  head 220 

Sampling 17 

Screens.    ..      120 

Settling  dams 44 

Siphons 45,  63 

Slip- joints 57,  63 

Sluicing 21,  29,  93 

Sluice-box 29 

bed-rock 92 

construction 36 

Sluice-grade 30,  94 

Spatterwork 6 

Spouting  velocity 70 

table 223 

Square-root  table 218 


234  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Stone  chutes 120 

Stovepipe 52 

Suction  dredges 114 

Supply  of  water 19,  127 

Surface  rights 154 

Tables  for  areas 217 

angular  resistance 195 

circular  bend. . .   196 

discharge  through  nozzles 223 

orifices 216 

horse-power  from  nozzles 204 

per  miner's  inch 184 

cubic  foot 185 

giants   217 

gold  values 179 

flow  through  channels 198 

pipes 210 

loss  by  friction , . . . .  225 

riveted  pipe 220 

weight  of  pipe 220 

weir  measurements 224 

Tunnels  ....   52 

bed-rock 81,  92 

Traction  dredges 127 

Undercurrents 35 

Value  of  gravel 17,179 

placers 2,  1 8 

Washers 38,  120 

Water,  friction  of , 186,  194,  204,  216,  223,  225 

gates 73 

waste f 72 

measurements 179 

mining 1,41 

pressure 59 

rights 154 

supply 19,  127 

velocity 198,  223 

weight 59,  179 

Weir  measurements .22,  65 


SHORT-TITLE    CATALOGUE 

OF  THE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF 

JOHN   WILEY   &    SONS, 

NEW    YORK, 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN   &   HALL,   LIMITED. 
ARRANGED  UNDER  SUBJECTS. 


Descriptive  circulars  sent  on  application. 

Books  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  sold  at  net  prices  only. 

All  books  are  bound  in  cloth  unless  otherwise  stated. 


AGRICULTURE. 

CATTLE  FEEDING— DAIRY  PRACTICE — DISEASES  OF  ANIMALS — 
GARDENING,  ETC. 

Armsby's  Manual  of  Cattle  Feeding 12mo,  $1  75 

Downing's  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees Svo,  5  00 

Grotenfelt's  The  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Woll.) 

12mo,  2  00 

Kemp's  Landscape  Gardening 12mo,  2  50 

Lloyd's  Science  of  Agriculture Svo,  4  00 

London's  Gardening  for  Ladies.     (Downing.) 12rao,  1  50 

Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog Svo,  3  50 

"      Treatise  on  tlie  Diseases  of  the  Ox Svo,  6  00 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils Svo,  250 

Woll's  Handbook  for  Farmers  and  Dairymen 12mo,  1  50 

ARCHITECTURE. 

BUILDING — CARPENTRY—  STAIRS— VENTILATION,  ETC. 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  7  50 

Birkmire's  American  Theatres— Planning  and  Construction. Svo,  3  00 

"        Architectural  Iron  and  Steel Svo,  3  50 

Birkmire's  Compound  Riveted  Girders Svo,  2  00 

"         Skeleton  Construction  in  Buildings Svo,  3  00 

Carpenter's  Heating  and  Ventilating-  of  Buildings Svo,  3  00 


Downing,  Cottages  Svo,  $2  50 

"'       Hints  lo  Architects ,8vo,  200 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering 8vo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Sanitary  House  Inspection 16mo,  1  00 

"        Theatre  Fires  and  Panics 12mo,  1  50 

Hatfield's  American  House  Carpenter 8vo,  5  00 

Holly's  Carpenter  and  Joiner , ,  18mo,  75 

Kidder's  Architect  and  Builder's  Pocket-book Morocco  flap,  4  00 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  00 

Monckton's  Stair  Building — Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 4to,  4  00 

Stevens'  House  Painting 18mo,  75 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence. 

(In  the  press. ) 

Worcester's  Small  Hospitals — Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
including  Atkinson's  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Archi- 
tecture  12mo,  1  25 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  2  50 

ARMY,  NAVY,  Etc. 
MILITARY  ENGINEERING— ORDNANCE — PORT  CHARGES,  ETC. 

Bourne's  Screw  Propellers 4to,  5  00 

Bruff's  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 8vo,  6  00 

Buckuill's  Submarine  Mines  and  Torpedoes 8vo,  4  00 

Chase's  Screw  Propellers ,8vo,  3  00 

Cooke's  Naval  Ordnance 8vo,  12  50 

Cronkhite's  Gunnery  for  Non-com.  Officers 18mo,  morocco,  2  00 

De  Brack's  Cavalry  Outpost  Duties.     (Carr.). . .  .18mo,  morocco,  2  00 

Dielz's  Soldier's  First  Aid 12mo,  morocco,  1  25 

*  Dredge's  Modern  French  Artillery 4to,  half  morocco,  20  00 

Record   of   the   Transportation    Exhibits    Building, 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.. 4to,  half  morocco,  15  00 

Dyer's  Light  Artillery f 12mo,  3  00 

Hoff  s  Naval  Tactics , 8vo,  1  50 

Hunter's  Port  Charges 8vo,  half  morocco,  13  00 

Ingalls's  Ballistic  Tables 8vo,  1  50 

"      Handbook  of  Problems  in  Direct  Fire 8vo,  4  00 

Mahau's  Advanced  Guard 18mo,  1  50 

"      Permanent  Fortifications.  (Mercur.).Svo,  half  morocco,  750 

Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places 12nio,  2  00 

9 


Mercur's  Elements  of  the  Art  of  War 8vo,  $4  00 

Metcalfe's  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 12uio,  with  Atlas,  5  00 

Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner 12mo,  4  00 

Tweed's  Signal  Service „ 50 

Sharpe's  Subsisting  Armies 18mo,  morocco,  1  50 

Strauss  and  Alger's  Naval  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 

Todd  and  Whall's  Practical  Seamanship 8vo,  7  50 

Yery's  Navies  of  the  World 8vo,  half  morocco,  3  50 

Wheeler's  Siege  Operations 8vo,  2  00 

Wiutbrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law 12mo,  2  50 

WoodlmlVs  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene 12mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Young's  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation..  12mo,  morocco  flaps,  2  50 

ASSAYING. 

SMELTING — ORE  DRESSING— ALLOYS,  ETC. 

Fletcher's  Quaiit.  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe..  12mo,  morocco,  1  50 

Purman's  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  00 

Kuuhardt's  Ore  Dressing 8vo,  1  50 

*  Mitchell's  Practical  Assaying.     (Crookes.). 8vo,  10  00 

O'Driscoll's  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  CO 

Hicketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  00 

Thurston's  Alloys,  Brasses,  and  Bronzes 8vo,  ?  50 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes 12mo,  1  50 

"       The  Chloriuatiou  Process 12mo,  1  50 

ASTRONOMY. 

PRACTICAL,  THEORETICAL,  AND  DESCRIPTIVE. 

Craig's  Azimuth  4to,  3  50 

Doolittle's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  00 

Gore's  Elements  bf  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  00 

White's  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy 12ino,  2  00 

BOTANY. 

GARDENING  FOR  LADIES,  ETC. 

Baldwin's  Orchids  of  New  England 8vo,  1  50 

Loudon's  Gardening  for  Ladies.     (Downing.) 12mo,  1  50 

Thome's  Structural  Botany 18mo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,  2  00 

3 


BRIDGES,  ROOFS,   Etc. 

CANTILEVER — DRAW — HIGHWAY — SUSPENSION. 
(See  also  ENGINEERING,  p.  6.) 

Boiler's  Highway  Bridges Svo,     $2  00 

*     "      The  Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,       500 

Burr's  Stresses  iu  Bridges Svo,       3  50 

Crehore's  Mechanics  of  the  Girder Svo,      5  00 

Dredge's  Thames  Bridges 7  parts, 

Du  Bois's  Stresses  in  Framed  Structures 4to,     10  00 

Foster's  Woodeu  Trestle  Bridges  4to,      5  00 

Greene's  Arches  iu  Wood,  etc Svo,       2  50 

Bridge  Trusses Svo,      250 

Roof  Trusses Svo,       1  25 

Howe's  Treatise  ou  Arches Svo,      4  00 

Johuson's  Modern  Framed  Structures 4to,     10  00 

Merrimau    &    Jacoby's    Text-book    of    Roofs    aud    Bridges. 

Part  I.,  Stresses -. .Svo,      250 

Merriman    &    Jacoby's     Text-book    of    Roofs    and     Bridges. 

Part  II.,  Graphic  Statics  Svo,      2  50 

Merrimau    &    Jacoby's     Text-book    of    Roofs    and     Bridges. 

Part  III..  Bridge  Design Svo,      5  00 

Merriman    &   Jacoby's    Text- book    of    Roofs    and    Bridges. 

Part  IV.,  Continuous,  Draw,  Cantilever,  Suspension,  and 

Arched  Bridges (In  preparation). 

*Morison's  The  Memphis  Bridge Oblong  4to,     10  00 

Waddell's  Iron  Highway  Bridges Svo,      4  00 

Wood's  Construction  of  Bridges  and  Roofs Svo,      2  00 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw  Spans Svo, 

CHEMISTRY. 
QUALITATIVE — QUANTITATIVE — ORGANIC — INORGANIC,  ETC. 

Adriance's  Laboratory  Calculations 12mo,       1  25 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis Svo,       3  00 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students 12mo,      1  50 

Bolton's  Student's  Guide  in  Quantitative  Analysis Svo,       150 

Classen's  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.     (Herrick.) Svo,      3  00 

Crafts's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Schaeffer.) 12rno,      1  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.    (Merrill.) .' 12mo,       1  25 

Fresenius's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis.    (Allen.) Svo,      6  00 

4 


Fres;  nius's  Qualiiativc  Chemical  Analysis.    (Johnson.). .    ..8vo,  $4  00 

Fuerte's  Water  and  Public  Health '. 12mo,  1  50 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis 12mo,  1  25 

Hammarsten's  Physiological  Chemistry.   (Maudel.) 8vo,  4  00 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.    (Morgan).  12mo,  1  50 

Kolbe's  Inorganic  Chemistry 12mo,  1  50 

Landauer's  Spectral  Analysis.     (Tingle.) (In  the pi'ess). 

Maudel's  Bio-chemical  Laboratory 12mo,  1  50 

Mason 's  Water-supply 8vo,  5  00 

Miller's  Chemical  Physics 8vo,  2  00 

JMixter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry 12mo,  1  50 

Morgan's  The  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results 12mo,  1  00 

Nichols's  Water  Supply  (Chemical  and  Sanitary). 8vo,  2  50 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  2  00 

Perkins's  Qualitative  Analysis 12mo,  1  00 

Pinner's  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.) 12mo,  1  50 

Ricketts  and   Russell's  Notes  on   Inorganic  Chemistry  (Non- 
metallic)  Oblong  8vo,  morocco,  75 

Sehimpf's  Volumetric  Analysis 12mo,  2  50 

Spencer's  Sugar  Manufacturer's  Handbook .  12mo,  morocco  flaps,  2  00 

"        Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet  Sugar  House. 

(In  the  press). 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  2  50 

Troilius's  Chemistry  of  Iron 8vo,  2  00 

"Wiechmann's  Chemical  Lecture  Notes 12mo,  3  00 

"            Sugar  Analysis 8vo,  2  50 

Wulling's  Inorganic  Phar.  and  Med.  Chemistry 12mo,  2  00 

DRAWING. 
ELEMENTARY — GEOMETRICAL — TOPOGRAPHICAL. 

Hill's  Shades  and  Shadows  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  00 

MacCord's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  00 

"          Kinematics 8vo,  500 

Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  400 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.    (Thompson.) 2  vols.,  8vo,  3  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing.     (II.  A.) 4to,  5  00 

Smith's  Topographical  Drawing.     (Macmillan.) ,.  .8vo,  2  50 

Warren's  Descriptive  Geometry 2  vols.,  8 vo,  3  50 

Drafting  Instruments 12mo,  125 


Warreii's  Free-hand  Drawing    12mo,  $1  00 

"        Higher  Linear  Perspective  8vo,  3  50 

"        Linear  Perspective. . 12mo,  100 

"        Machine  Construction 2  vols.,  8vo,  750 

"        Plane  Problems , 12mo,  125 

"        Primary  Geometry 12mo,  75 

"        Problems  and  Theorems 8vo,  250 

"        Projection  Drawing 12mo,  150 

"        Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  00 

"        Stereotoiny— Sloue  Cutting 8vo,  250 

Whelpley's  Letter  Engraving 12mo,  2  00 

ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNETISM. 

ILLUMINATION— BATTERIES — PHYSICS. 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics  (Magie).   . .  8vo,  4  00 

Barker's  Deep-sea  Soundings 8vo,  2  00 

Benjamin's  Voltaic  Cell ; 8vo,  3  00 

Cosmic  Law  of  Thermal  Repulsion 18uio,  75 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Experiments  with  a  New  Polarizing  Photo- 
Chronograph 8vo,  3  00 

*  Dredge's  Electric  Illuminations. . .  .2  vols.,  4to,  half  morocco,  25  00 

Vol.  II 4to,  7  50 

Gilbert's  De  magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  00 

Michie's  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light, 8vo,  4  00 

Morgan's,  The  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results 12mo,  1  00 

Niaudet's  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishback. ) 12mo,  2  50 

Reagan's  Steam  and  Electrical  Locomoiives 12mo  2  00 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam  Engines  for  Electric  Lighting  Pur- 
poses  12mo,  1  50 

Tillman's  Heat 8vo,  1  50 

ENGINEERING. 

CIVIL — MECHANICAL— SANITARY,  ETC. 

(See  also  BRIDGES,  p.  4 ;  HYDRAULICS,  p.  8 ;  MATERIALS  OP  EN- 
GINEERING, p.  9  ;  MECHANICS  AND  MACHINERY,  p.  11  ;  STEAM  ENGINES 
AND  BOILERS,  p.  14.) 

Baker's  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  00 

Baker's  Surveying  Instruments 12mo,  3  00 

Black's  U.  S.  Public  Works 4to,  5  00 

6 


Butts's  Engineer's  Field-book .12uio,  morocco,  $2  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction .8vo,  7  50 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,  6  00 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering — Solids  and  Fluids 8vo,  6  00 

"        Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  200 

Crandall's  Earthwork  Tables    8vo,  1  50 

Crandall's  The  Transition  Curve 12mo,  morocco,  1  50 

*Dredge's  Penu.  Railroad  Construction,  etc.  . .  Folio,  half  mor.,  20  00 

*  Drinker's  Tunnelling 4to,  half  morocco,  25  00 

Eissler's  Explosives — Nitroglycerine  and  Dynamite 8vo,  4  00 

Gerhard's  Sanitary  House  Inspection 16mo,  1  00 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineer'sField-book.l2mo,  pocket-bk.  form,  2  50 

Gore's  Elements  of  Goodesy 8vo,  250 

Howard's  Transition  Curve  Field-book 12mo,  morocco  flap,  1  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  (New  Edition.) 12mo,  1  25 

Hudson's  Excavation  Tables.    Vol.  II 8vo,  1  00 

Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  00 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  00 

Johnson's  Stadia  Reduction  Diagram.  .Sheet,  22£  X  28£  inches,  50 

"         Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying 8vo,  4  00 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocket-book 12mo,  morocco,  5  00 

Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal 12mo,  1  25 

Kirkwood's  Lead  Pipe  for  Service  Pipe 8vo,  1  50 

Mahau's  Civil  Engineering.     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  00 

Merriman  and  Brook's  Handbook  for  Surveyors. . .  .12ino,  mor.,  2  00 

Merriman's  Geodetic  Surveying 8vo,  2  00 

Retaining  Walls  and  Masonry  Dams 8vo,  2  00 

Mosely's  Mechanical  Engineering.     (Mahan.) 8yo,  5  00 

Nagle's  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers 12mo,  morocco, 

Pulton's  Civil  Engineering. ,8vo,  7  50 

"       Foundations 8vo,  5  00 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France ,   . . .  .12mo,  1  25 

Ruffner's  Non-tidal  Rivers 8vo,  1  25 

Searles's  Field  Engineering 12mo,  morocco  flaps,  3  00 

Searles's  Railroad  Spiral 12ino,  morocco  flaps,  1  50 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone  Cutting  and  Masonry. .  .8vo,  1  50 

Smith's  Cable  Tramways 4to,  250 

"       Wire  Manufacture  and  Uses 4to,  3  00 

7 


Spaldiug's  Koads  and  Pavements 12mo,  $2  00 

Hydraulic  Ceineut 12mo,  200 

Tliurstou's  Materials  of  Construction  8vo,  5  00 

*  Traut wine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book.  ..12mo,  mor.  flaps,  5  00 

*  '•           Cross-section Sheet,  25 

*  "           Excavations  and  Embankments Svo,  200 

*  "           Laying  Out  Curves 12mo,  morocco,  2  50 

"Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence. 

(In  the  press.) 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Stone  Cutting Svo,  2  50 

Webb's  Engineering  Instruments 12mo,  morocco,  1  00 

Wegmanu's  Construction  of  Masonry  Dams 4to,  5  00 

Wellington's  Location  of  Railways. . . Svo,  5  00 

Wheeler's  Civil  Engineering Svo,  4  00 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover Svo,  3  00 

HYDRAULICS. 
WATER-WHEELS — WINDMILLS — SERVICE  PIPE — DRAINAGE,  ETC. 

(See  also  ENGINEERING,  p.  6.) 
Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of   the  Liquid  Vein 

(Trautwine) Svo,  2  00 

Bovey 's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics, Svo,  4  00 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems . .  .12mo,  2  50 

Ferrel's  Treatise  on  the  Winds,  Cyclones,  and  Tornadoes. .  .Svo,  4  00 

Fuerte's  Water  and  Public  Health 12mo,  1  50 

Ganguillet&Kutter's  Flow  of  Water.  (Bering  &  Traut  wine.).  Svo,  4  00 

Hazeu's  Filtration  of  Public  Water  Supply Svo,  2  00 

Herschel's  115  Experiments. Svo,  2  00 

Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal 12mo,  1  25 

Kirkwood's  Lead  Pipe  for  Service  Pipe Svo,  1  50 

Mason's  Water  Supply .Svo,  5  00 

Merriuiau's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics. .  r Svo,  4  00 

Nichols's  Water  Supply  (Chemical  and  Sanitary) Svo,  2  50 

Ruffner's  Improvement  for  Non-tidal  Rivers Svo,  1  25 

Wegmann's  Water  Supply  of  the  City  of  New  York 4to,  10  00 

Weisbach's  Hydraulics.     (Du  Bois.) Svo,  5  00 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering Svo,  4  00 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover Svo,  3  00 

Wood's  Theory  of  Turbines Svo,  2  50 

S 


MANUFACTURES. 

ANILINE — BOILERS— EXPLOSIVES— IRON— SUGAR — WATCHES  — 
WOOLLENS,  ETC. 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  $3  00 

Beaumont's  Woollen  and  Worsted  Manufacture 12ino,  1  50 

Bollaud's  Encyclopaedia  of  Founding  Terms. ...  12mo,  3  00 

The  Iron  Founder 12mo,  250 

Supplement 12mo,  250 

Booth's  Clock  and  Watch  Maker's  Manual 12mo,  2  00 

Bouvier's  Handbook  on  Oil  Painting 12mo,  2  00 

Eissler's  Explosives,  Nitroglycerine  and  Dynamite 8vo,  4  00 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers 18mo,  1  00 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures 8vo,  5  00 

Met  calf 's  Steel— A  Manual  for  Steel  Users 12mo,  2  00 

Reimaun's  Aniline  Colors.     (Crookes.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece  Dyeing 8vo,  25  00 

Spencer's  Sugar  Manufacturer's  Handbook 12mo,  inor.  flap,  2  00 

"        Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet  Houses,  (hi  the  press.) 

Svedelius's  Handbook  for  Charcoal  Burners 12mo,  1  50 

The  Lathe  and  Its  Uses 8vo,  600 

Thurston's  Manual  of  Steam  Boilers „.  8vo,  5  00 

Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  00 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice 12mo,  250 

"      Moulder's  Text-book 12mo,  2  50 

Wiechmaun's  Sugar  Analysis 8vo,  2  50 

Woodbury's  Fire  Protection  of  Mills 8vo,  2  50 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

STRENGTH — ELASTICITY — RESISTANCE,  ETC. 
(See  also  ENGINEERING,  p.  6.) 

Baker's  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  00 

Beardslee  and  Kent's  Strength  of  Wrought  Iron  8vo,  1  50 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  Materials 8vo,  5  00 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  00 

Carpenter's  Testing  Machines  and  Methods  of  Testing  Materials 

Church's  Mechanic's  of  Engineering — Solids  and  Fluids 8vo,  6  00 

Du  Bois's  Stresses  in  Framed  Structures 4to,  10  00 

9 


H»U field's  Transverse-  Strains 8vo,  $">  00 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  00 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics. 3vo,  7  50 

"        Strength  of  Wooden  Columns 8vo,  paper,  50 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  00 

Merriinan's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  00 

Pattou's  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  00 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France 12mo,  1  25 

Spaldiug's  Roads  and  Pavements 12mo,  2  00 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  00 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  8vo,  8  00 

Vol.  I,  Non-metallic  8vo,  200 

Vol.  II.,  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.  III.,  Alloys,  Brasses,  and  Bronzes 8vo,  2  50 

Weyrauch's  Strength  of  Iron  and  Steel.    (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  1  50 

Wood's  Resistance  of  Materials Svo,  2  00 

MATHEMATICS. 

CALCULUS— GEOMETRY— TRIGONOMETRY,  ETC. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo,  1  50 

Ballard's  Pyramid  Problem  Svo,  1  50 

Barnard's  Pyramid  Problem Svo,  1  50 

Bass's  Differential  Calculus 12mo,  4  00 

Brigg's  Plane  Analytical  Geometry 12mo,  1  00 

Chapman's  Theory  of  Equations 12mo,  1  50 

Chessin's  Elements  of  the  Theory  of  Functions 

Compton's  Logarithmic  Computations 12mo,  1  50 

Craig's  Linear  Differential  Equations Svo,  5  00 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra Svo,  1  50 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry ,  ..Svo,  1  75 

"        Synthetic  Geometry Svo,  150 

Johnson's  Curve  Tracing 12mo,  1  00 

"        Differential  Equations— Ordinary  and  Partial Svo,  3  50 

"        Integral  Calculus 12mo,  150 

"        Least  Squares 12mo,  150 

Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Other  Tables.     (Bass.) Svo,  2  00 

Trigonometry  with  Tables.     (Bass.) Svo,  3  00 

Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  (Stone  Cutting) Svo,  1  50 

10 


Merriman  and  Woodward's  Higher  Mathematics 8vo,  $5  001 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,  2  00 

Parker's  Quadrature  of  the  Circle 8vo,  2  5O 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus, 

2  vols.  in  1,  12uio,  2  5O 

Differential  Calculus 8vo,  350 

Abridgment  of  Differential  Calculus.... 8vo,  150' 

Searles's  Elements  of  Geometry 8vo,  1  50' 

Totten's  Metrology 8vo,  2  50 

Warren's  Descriptive  Geometry 2  vols.,  8vo,  3  5O 

' '        Drafting  Instruments 12mo,  1  25 

"        Free-band  Drawing 12rno,  100 

"        Higher  Linear  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

"        Linear  Perspective 12mo,  100 

"        Primary  Geometry 12mo,  75 

"        Plane  Problems » 12mo,  125- 

"        Plane  Problems 12mo,  125- 

"        Problems  and  Theorems 8vo,  2  50 

"        Projection  Drawing 12mo,  150 

Wood's  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,  2  00 

"       Trigonometry 12mo,  100 

Woolf 's  Descriptive  Geometry Royal  8vo,  3  00 

MECHANICS-MACHINERY. 

TEXT-BOOKS  AND  PRACTICAL  WORKS. 
(See  also  ENGINEERING,  p.  6.) 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings 12mo,  2  50 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes 12mo,  2  OO 

Carpenter's  Testing  Machines  and   Methods   of  Testing 

Materials Svo, 

Chordal's  Letters  to  Mechanics 12mo,  2  00 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering. ...    8vo,  6  00 

"        Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  00 

Crehore's  Mechanics  of  the  Girder 8vo,  5  00 

Cromwell's  Belts  and  Pulleys 12mo,  1  50 

Toothed  Gearing 12mo,  150 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal  Working 12mo,  1  50 

Dana's  Elementary  Mechanics 12mo,  1  50 

11 


Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making  12ino,  $2  00 

Dredge's     Trans.     Exhibits     Building,      World     Exposition, 

4to,  half  morocco,  15  00 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics.     Vol.  I.,  Kinematics 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.  II.,  Statics 8vo,  400 

"               Vol.  III.,  Kinetics 8vo,  350* 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist 18mo,  1  00 

Flather's  Dynamometers 12mo,  2  00 

"        Rope  Driving 12mo,  200 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication 12mo,  1  00 

Holly's  Saw  Filing 18nio,  75 

Xianza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

MacCord's  Kinematics 8vo,  5  00 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  00 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures. 8vo,  5  00 

Michie's  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  00 

JVtosely's  Mechanical  Engineering.     (Mahau.) 8vo,  5  00 

Richards's  Compressed  Air 12mo,  1  50 

Hobiuson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  00 

Smith's  Press- working  of  Metals 8vo,  <»  00 

The  Lathe  and  Its  Uses . .  8vo,  6  00 

Thurstou's  Friction  and  Lost  Work 8vo,  3  00 

"          The  Animal  as  a  Machine 12mo,  1  00 

Warren's  Machine  Construction 2  vols.,  8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's  Hydraulics  and  Hydraulic  Motors.    (Du  Bois.)..8vo,  500 
"          Mechanics    of   Engineering.      Vol.    III.,    Part   I., 

Sec.  I.     (Klein.) 8vo,  5  00 

Weisbach's   Mechanics    of  Engineering      Vol.    III.,    Part   I., 

Sec.  II.     (Klein.) 8vo,  500 

Weisbach's  Steam  Engines.     (Du  Bois.) « 8vo,  500 

Wood's  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  00 

"      Elementary  Mechanics 12mo,  1  25 

"               "                 "           Supplement  and  Key 1  25 

METALLURGY. 

IKON— GOLD— SILVER — ALLOYS,  ETC. 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  00 

Egleston's  Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  50 

12 


Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver  8vo,  $7  50 

*  Kerl's  Metallurgy— Copper  and  Iron 8vo,  15  00 

*  "           "               Steel,  Fuel,  etc 8vo,  1500 

Kunhardt's  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  1  50 

Metcalf  Steel— A  Manual  for  Steel  Users 12mo,  2  00 

O'Driscoll's  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  00 

Thurston's  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Alloys 8vo,  250 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes 12rno,  1  50 

MINERALOGY   AND   MINING. 

MINE  ACCIDENTS — VENTILATION— ORE  DRESSING,  ETC. 

Barringer's  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value (In  the  pre  s.) 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines 12mo,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  South  Western  Virginia 8vo,  3  00 

Map  of  South  Western  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  00 

Brush  and  Peufield's  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  3  50 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  1  25- 

"       Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals 8vo,  3  00 

Dana's  American  Localities  of  Minerals 8vo,  1  00 

"      Descriptive  Mineralogy.     (E.  S.) 8vo,  half  morocco,  12  50 

"      Mineralogy  and  Petrography.     (J.  D.) 12mo,  2  00 

"      Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them.     (E.  S.) 12mo,  1  50 

"      Text-book  of  Mineralogy.    (E.  S.) 8vo,  3  50 

^Drinker's  Tunnelling,  Explosives,  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills. 

4to,  half  morocco,  25  00 

Eglestou's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Eissler's  Explosives — Nitroglycerine  and  Dynamite 8vo,  4  00 

Goodyear's  Coal  Mines  of  the  Western  Coast 12mo,  2  50 

Hussak's  Rock  forming  Minerals.     (Smith.) Svo,  2  00 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining "". 8vo,  4  00 

Kunhardt's  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe Svo,  1  50 

O'Driscoll's  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores Svo,  2  00 

Rosenbusch's    Microscopical    Physiography  of    Minerals    and 

Rocks.     (Iddiugs.) 8vo,  500 

Sawyer's  Accidents  in  Mines Svo,  7  00 

StDckbridge's  Rocks  and  Sotls Svo,  2  50- 

13 


"Williams's  Lithology 8vo,  $3  00 

Wilson's  Mine  Ventilation 16mo,  1  25 

STEAM  AND  ELECTRICAL  ENGINES,  BOILERS,  Etc. 

STATIONARY — MARINE— LOCOMOTIVE — GAS  ENGINES,  ETC. 
(Ree  also  ENGINEERING,  p.  6.) 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings 12mo,  2  50 

-•Clerk's  Gas  Engine 12mo,  4  00 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers 18mo,  1  00 

Hemen way's  Indicator  Practice 12mo,  2  00 

Hoadley's  Warm-blast  Furnace 8vo,  1  50 

"Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  1  50 

MacCord's  Slide  Valve 8vo, 

*  Maw's  Marine  Engines Folio,  half  morocco,  18  00 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  00 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam  Boilers 8vo,  4  00 

Peabody's  Tables  of  Saturated  Steam 8vo,  1  00 

"          Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam  Engine 8vo,  5  00 

Valve  Gears  for  the  Steam-Engiue 8vo,  2  50 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Royal  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin  and  Osterberg's  Thermodynamics 12mo,  1  25 

Reagan's  Steam  and  Electrical  Locomotives 12mo,  2  00 

Ttontgen's  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois. ) 8vo,  5  00 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Running 12mo,  2  00 

Thurston's  Boiler  Explosion 12mo,  1  50 

Engine  and  Boiler  Trials 8vo,  500 

"  Manual  of  the  Steam  Engine.      Part  I.,  Structure 

and  Theory  8vo,  7  50 

"          Manual  of  the  Steam  Engine.     Part  II.,   Design, 

Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  7  50 

2  parts,  12  00 

"           Philosophy  of  the  Steam  Engine 12mo,  75 

"          Reflection  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.    (Carnot.) 

12mo,  2  00 

"           Stationary  Steam  Engines 12mo,  1  50 

"           Steam-boiler  Construction  and  Operation 8vo,  5  00 

Spangler's  Valve  Gears 8vo,  2  50 

14 


Trow  bridge's  Stationary  Steam  Engines 4to,  boards,  $2  50 

Weisbacb's  Steam  Engine.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  00 

Whitham's  Constructive  Steam  Engineering 8vo,  10  00 

' '           Steam-engine  Design ; 8vo,  6  00 

Wilson's  Steam  Boilers.     (Flatber.) 12mo,  2  50 

"Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  etc 8vo,  4  00 

TABLES,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 

POR  ACTUARIES,  CHEMISTS,  ENGINEERS,  MECHANICS— METRIC 
TABLES,  ETC. 

Adrian ce's  Laboratory  Calculations  12mo,  1  25 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  00 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Tables Sheet,  25 

'Comptou's  Logarithms 12mo,  1  50 

•Grand nil's  Railway  and  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  1  50 

lEglestou's  Weights  and  Measures 18mo,  75 

IFisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Hudson's  Excavation  Tables.     Vol.11 8vo,  100 

Johnson's  Stadia  and  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  1  25 

Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Other  Tables.     (Bass.) 12mo,  2  00 

Thurston's  Conversion  Tables 8vo,  1  00 

Totteu's  Metrology 8vo,  2  50 

VENTILATION. 

STEAM  HEATING — HOUSE  INSPECTION — MINE  VENTILATION. 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating 12ino,  2  50 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines. 12mo,  2  50 

•Carpenter's  Heating  and  Ventilating  of  Buildings 8vo,  3  00 

•Gerhard's  Sanitary  House  Inspection Square  16ino,  1  00 

Mott's  The  Air  We  Breathe,  and  Ventilation 16nio,  1  00 

Reid's  Ventilation  of  American  Dwellings 12mo,  1  50 

Wilson's  Mine  Ventilation 16mo,  1  25 

niSCELLANEOUS  PUBLICATIONS. 

Alcott's  Gems,  Sentiment,  Language Gilt  edges,  5  00 

Bailey's  The  New  Tale  of  a  Tub , 8vo,  75 

Ballard's  Solution  of  the  Pyramid  Problem 8vo,  1  50 

Barnard's  The  Metrological  System  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  .8vo,  1  50 

15 


Davis'  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  $2  00 

Emmon's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mouiitains.  .8vo,  1  50 

Ferrel's  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo,  4  00 

Huines'  Addresses  Delivered  before  the  Am.  Ry.  Assn. 

12mo.     (In  the  press.} 

Mott's  The  Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound.  .Sq.  16mo,  1  00 

Perkins's  Cornell  University Oblong  4to,  1  50 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 8vo,  3  00 

Rotherham's    The     New    Testament     Critically    Emphasized. 

12mo,  1  50 

Totteu's  An  Important  Question  in  Metrology 8vo,  2  50 

Whitehouse's  Lake  Moeris Paper,  25 

*  Wiley's  Yosemite,  Alaska,  and  Yellowstone 4to,  3  00 

HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT=BOOKS. 

FOR  SCHOOLS  AND  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES. 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and   Chaldee  Lexicon  to  Old   Testament. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,  5  00 

Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar 12mo,  1  25 

"        Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  (New  Edition). 8vo,  3  00 

"       Hebrew  Chrestomathy 8vo,  2  00 

Letteris's    Hebrew  Bible  (Massoretic  Notes  in  English). 

8vo,  arabesque,  2  25 
Luzzato's  Grammar  of  the  Biblical  Chaldaic  Language  and  the 

Talmud  Babli  Idioms 12mo,  150 

MEDICAL. 

Bull's  Maternal  Management  in  Health  and  Disease 12mo,       1  00 

Hammarsteu's  Physiological  Chemistry.    (Mandel.) 8vo,       4  00 

Mott's  Composition,  Digestibility,  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food. 

Large  mounted  chart,       1  25 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions (In  the  press.) 

Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Ox 8vo,       3  00 

Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,       3  50 

Worcester's  Small  Hospitals — Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
including  Atkinson's  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Archi- 
tecture  12mo,  125 

10 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  onjlie  last  date  stamped  below. 

G  LIBRARY 


0?  19! 

UNIV.  OF  CALIF., 
SENT  ON  ILL 

MAY  2  0  1997 

U.  C.  BERKELE 


LD  21-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476 


- 


869483 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


